^ 



ejEOGRAPHY 

~"^ OF 

NEW YORK 

THE STATE -THE CITY 





Class. 
Book.. 






COPyRIGHT DEFOSm 




NIAGARA FALLS. 



(2) 



GEOGRAPHY 



OF 



NEW YORK 



THE STATE -THE CITY 



BY 

FLOYD R. ^MITH 

AND, 

ARTHUR C. PERRY, JR. 



Oj»{<3 



NEW YORK •:• CINCINNATI •:• CHICAGO 

AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY 



Copyright, 1904, 1!)17, by 
FLOYD R. SMITH a.vd ARTHUR C. PERRY, JR. 

Enteeeu at Stationeks' Hall, London. 

geog. new york. 
•w. p. 6 



4.&- 



e 



MAY I C 1917 

©'^I.A4R0664 



PREFACE 

The many-sided importance of the state of New York, and 
its predominance as a factor in the development of our national 
greatness, have been too little appreciated by the pupils of the 
state, and particularly by those of the city of New York. How- 
ever, a decided advance was made in the Course of Study for the 
Public Schools of New York City, adopted in 1902, which requires, 
in the fifth year of the school curriculum, a definite study of the 
geography of the state and of certain topics in the history of 
the city. 

It is the aim of this volume to present the topics of the New 
York City "syllabus" — both geographical and historical — in 
orderly arrangement, and in language adapted to the understand- 
ing of the pupils of the grade. 

The book therefore divides itself into two parts. The first 
treats of the geography of the state, showing nature's many con- 
tributions and the use man, in his tireless industry, has made of 
them. The second part treatl*"ifi[ further detail of the city of New 
York, by presenting both its chief geographical features and a 

brief sketch of its early history. 

5 



6 PREFACE 

It is hoped that the book may be of service to pupils through- 
out the state, acquamting them with the various factors of growth, 
showing them how these factors have made the state the foremost 
m the Union, and thus implanting that local pride which in due 
season shall ripen into a broad and intelligent national patriotism. 



CONTENTS 

PASE 

The State of New York. 

Location 9 

Surface 12 

Drainage 16 

Size 27 

Importance 28 

Resources 28 

Industries and Occupations . .31 

Products 36 

Commerce 41 

Manufacturing Centers 52 

Commercial Centers 54 

Advantages of Location 58 

Social Development 60 

Government 64 

Educational Centers 66 

The City of New York. 

Introduction 69 

As an Industrial and Commercial Center 72 

Physical Conditions determining its Growth and Importance ... 74 

Means of Transportation and Comnmnication . .... 75 

Public Works 78 

Parks .81 

Public Schools o 84 

Other Public Institutions 87 

Great Mercantile Concerns 95 

Financial Concerns ............ 98 

Manufacturing Concerns 101 

Leading Factors determining Public Improvements 103 

New York Harbor 107 

Local History 110 

7 



MAPS 

PAGES 

Physical Map of the State of New York ..>... 10-11 

Political Map of the State of New York 46-47 

Map of the City of New York 70-71 



THE STATE OP NEW YORK 



LOCATION 

New York is the northernmost of the Middle Atlantic states, 
with Pennsylvania and New Jersey on the south and southwest, 
Vermont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut on the east, and the 
Canadian provinces of Ontario and Quebec on the north and 
northwest. The general 
form of the state is that 
of a triangle, with Long 
Island added at the south- 
eastern corner. The Cana- 
dian boundary line runs 
through the middle of 
Lake Erie, Niagara Kiver, 
Lake Ontario, and the St. tri-state rock, port jervis. 

Lawrence to the forty-fifth parallel of north latitude, and thence 
eastward to the outlet of Lake Champlain. The dividing line 
between the state and New England follows the deepest channel 
of Lake Champlain for more than a hundred miles, and then 
extends overland in an irregular southerly line, finally turning 
eastward through the middle of Long Island Sound. The parallel 
of 42° north latitude and the Delaware River form the Pennsyl- 
vania boundary line. From Port Jervis, where three states meet^ 




12 



THE STATE OF NEW YOUK 



the New Jersey boundary line runs southeast to the Hudson 
and thence south to New York Ba^y. South of Long Island 
spreads the Atlantic Ocean, the great highway for the common 
use of the nations of the world. 

SURFACE 

If you look at a map of the United States, you will see that 
the Appalachian Highlands, which for a great distance lie almost 

parallel with the Atlantic 
coast, extend into and across 
New York. Hence there are 
in this state long ranges of 
mountains and many high 
peak's. But these mountains 
have been cut through by so 
many powerful rivers that 
the surface is everywhere 
broken up into highland and 
lowland. In general, it may 
be observed that the eastern portion of the state is mountainous 
and the western much more level. The chief Lowland tracts are 
three in number. 

(1) The Valley of the Hudson and Lake Champlain, narrow, 
but 300 miles or more in length, extends north and south 
across the state. 

(2) The Valley of the St. Lawrence, a long strip of lowland of 
varying width, descends from the level of the Appalachian High- 
lands to the shores of the Great Lakes and their outflowing: river. 




Copyright, 1902, by Detroit Photographic Co. 

Long Lake, Adirondack Mountains. 



SUKFACE 



lo 




MOHAWK ^ 




This descent is made by a series of terraces, two of which can be 
plainly seen. The lower is called the Lake Ricbje, and the higher 
the Mountain Ridge. 

(3) The Valley of the Mohawk connects these two lowlands. 
Its length is not much more than a hundred miles, yet it is of 
great importance, not only as the most fertile valley of the 
state, but because it is the only break through the Appa- 
lachian Highlands south of the St. Lawrence and Lak 
Champlain. In the early days it was used by the 

Indians and fur traders, and to-day, by g^.v 

means of canals and railroads, it is the 

chief route of travel and commerce to and from 
the great West. 

These three great valleys together have the 
general form of a figure 4. The chief Highland 
regions are four in number. 

(1) The Taconic Highlands extend across the southeastern 
part of the state and lie mostly on the eastern side of the Hudson 

River. They form the con- 
necting link between the 
Blue Ridge Mountains of 
Virginia on the southwest 
and the Berkshires of Mas- 
sachusetts and the Green 
Mountains of Vermont on 

Highlands of the Hudson. t-hc northcast. At SOmC 

places they reach a height 'of 2500 feet. The Taconic Highlands 
include the Shawangunk and Delaware mountains, west of the 



1. Taconic Highlands. 

2. The Adirondacks. 
8. The Catskills. 

4. The AUeg-hanies. 




14 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



Hudson ; the Highlands of the Hudson, on both sides of the 
river; and the Taconic Range, northeast of the Highlandso In 

the Highlands of the 
Hudson are many 
peaks (as the Dunder- 
berg, Anthony's Nose, 
Storm King, and Bea- 
con Mountain), which, 
though not of great 
height, are famous on 
account of their his- 
tory and their beauty. 
(2) The Adiron- 
dacks, the highest and 
most picturesque mountains of the state, are bounded by all three 
of the great valleys. The eastern slope, to Lake Champlain, is 
very abrupt. ' Mt. Marcy, towering a mile above the ocean level, 
is the highest peak. Some of the others are Mt. Mclntyre, 




OiORM KiNa. 




CopyriKlit, l!«il. hv S. R. Stmhliinl. 



Mt. Marct. 



SURFACE 



15 




Copy ni; lit, UHf, by Detroit Phntographic Cm. 

Fishing in the Adirondacks. 



Mt. Clinton, and Mt. Dix. 

Among the Adirondack 

Mountains are many favorite 

haunts of the tourist. On 

most of the lakes thousands 

of people find accommodation 

in the beautifully located 

hotels, while many others set 

up camps on private or gov- 
ernment lands. 

(3) The Catskills, rising some ten miles west of the Hudson, 

slope down on the north to the Mohawk Valley. This mountain 

region, second only to that of the Adirondacks in height and 

beauty, is one of the 
most popular of sum- 
mer resorts. The high- 
est peaks are Slide 
Mountain and Hunter 
Mountain, each with 
an altitude of niore 
than 4000 feet. East- 
ward from Hunter 
Mountain is Otis 
Summit, from which 
spreads a magnificent 

picture of mountain, valley, and the distant Hudson. The 

Otis Elevating Railway extends from the summit to the valley 

below. 




Copynght, inOl', by Detroit I'hoto!;raphic Co. 

View from Otis Summit 



16 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



(4) The Allegheny Plateau extends from tlie Catskills west- 
ward across the state to within fiv^e miles of Lake Erie. On the 
north this table-land ends within thirty miles of Lake Ontario. 
Its elevation above sea level varies from 1000 to 2000 feetj 
while a few peaks reach an altitude of nearly 3000 feet. 

In addition to the three main low- 
land tracts of the state there are many 
smaller valleys, which in turn divide the 
highland regions into smaller groups of 
mountain ridges. Among them are : — 

(1) The valleys of the Central Lakes, 
which lie north and south in great 
troughs in the central part of the Alle- 
gheny Plateau. 

(2) The valleys of the Susquehanna 
and Delaware rivers and their branches, 
which separate the Catskills from the 
Allegheny Plateau. 

(3) The valleys of the Hudson and Delaware, which separate 
the ranges south of the Catskills, the Delaware, Shawangunk, etc. 



'■ ^^^"^f 


■p 


B^S 


ft 


W 


!*^' 




■ mm 



t. .py right, r.i(l2,l).v Detroit Photographic Co. 

Kaaterskill Falls, 
Catskills. 



DRAINAGE 

River Systems. — The lowland regions are in every case val- 
leys formed by rivers which through thousands of years have cut 
their way from mountain top to ocean level. Even the lakes are 
really only wider rivers. The waters from New York all find their 
way to the Atlantic Ocean, although through ocean arms as far 



DRAINAGE 



17 



apart as the Gulf of St. Lawrence and the Gulf of Mexico. The 
river systems represented are five in number: the St. Law- 
rence, the Hudson, the Delaware, the Susquehanna, and the 
Mississippi. 

Rivers. — The most important of the rivers are as follows : — 

(1) In the St. Laivrence system there are, first, tlie border 
rivers, the Niagara and the St. Lawrence, the one feeding Lake 
Ontario and the other draining it. 

Then there are the rivers flowing into Lake Ontario. The 
Genesee River rises in northern Pennsylvania, at an altitude 
of 2500 feet, and is the only river flowing entirely across the 
state. It is some 200 
miles long, and in its 
lower part, cutting its way 
down from the Allegheny 
Plateau, it flows between 
great sandstone cliffs hun- 
dreds of feet high. The 
Oswego, formed by the 
junction of the Seneca and 
Oneida rivers, is* but 
twenty - four miles long. ciKNKSKK kivkk. 

yet as the outlet of the Central Lakes it discharges a very large 
volume of water. The Black River rises in the Adirondacks and 
is about 120 miles long. 

The other rivers of the system are those flowing directly 
into the St. Lawrence or through Lake Champlain, all of which 
have their sources hiy:h in the Adirondacks. 




18 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



(2) In the Hudson system is the Hudson River, the longest 
river of the state. It lies entirely within the state, and flows 
350 miles from the Adirondacks south into New York Bay. 
For the last 150 miles of its course it is navigable for steam- 
boats, and in the last hundred it makes a fall of only five feet. 

To the lover of natm-e a trip up the Hudson on one of the 
river steamers is a never-failing delight. Before leaving New 




The Palisades. 

York city, one may see the lofty Palisades rising on the left. 
These immense cliffs extend from Weehawken to Nyack and 
at one point reach a perpendicular height of 550 feet from the 
river's level. The Palisades are to be kept by the states of New 
York and New Jersey as a public park, with a fine road run- 
ning at their base' along the river's edge for fifteen miles or more. 
At the Tappan Zee, and again at Haverstraw, the river broadens 
to a width of more than three miles. All along, on either bank. 



DRAINAGE 



19 




are thriving villages, and a mile above Haverstraw there comes 
to view the lighthouse at the foot of the battle ground of Stony 
Point. Beyond, at a bend 
in the river, near the vil- 
lage of Peekskill, the Dun- 
derberg Mountain stands 
sentinel at the southern 
entrance to the Highlands. 
North to Newburgh the 
river winds most beauti- 
fully in and out between 
the steep mountains. Be- 
yond the Highlands it Stony point. 
grows narrower, and its banks become more and more level 

until we arrive at the 
capital city, Albany. 
At Cohoes, a few miles 
farther north, its chief 
tributary, the Mohawk 
River, empties into the 
Hudson. 

The Mohawk has 
an entire length of 175 
miles, and from the 
city of Rome descends 

Mohawk Valley. eastward SOmC 450 

feet. Many prosperous cities are situated along its banks and 
are of interest both commercially and histori caller. 




20 



THE STATE OF :SEW YORK 



The other branches of the Hudson are not of great impor 
tance. 

(3) In the Delaioare system the principal water course is the 
Delaware River, which rises by two branches, the east and the 
west, in New York state. As we have already noted, it forms 
the boimdary line between Pennsylvania and New York for 
about seventy-five miles of its length. Its chief tributary is 
the Neversink. 

(4) The Susquehanna system includes the headwaters of the 
Susquehanna River and its tributaries. This river rises in Otsego 

Lake, within twenty miles 
of the Mohawk, but hun- 
dreds of feet above it. It 
flows into Pennsylvania 
and back into New York 
before finally leaving the 
state for its course through 
Pennsylvania. It has a 
large number of tributa- 
ries in New York, chief of 
which are the Chenango 
and Chemung. 

(5) The Mississijjpi system. Tributaries of the Allegheny 
River rise near the very edge of the Allegheny Plateau, within 
less than ten miles of the Lake Erie shore. The waters of these 
tributaries thus flow away from the St. Lawrence system, for 
hundreds of miles, seeking an outlet which they finally find, 
through the Mississippi, in the Gulf of Mexico. 




fopvri-lit, I'.KKi, by D.tioit I'liotographic Co. 

Susquehanna River. 



DRAINAGE 



21 





Scene a>ion<; thk Thui sand Islands. 

Islands. — In the St. Lawrence and Hudson river systems 
are most of the islands of the state, which may be divided into 

two groups. 

The Northwestern 
Group includes Grand Is- 
land in the Niagara River, 
several small islands in 
Lake Ontario, and a re- 

SuMMER Residence, Thousand Islands. markable CollectioU of 

rocky patches, known as the Thousand Islands, in the St. Law- 
rence. The Thousand Island region is a paradise for summer 
excursionists. Iq the very 
heart of the region, on the 
New York shore, is Alexandria 
Bay, whose natural beauty 
has attracted visitors from all 
parts of the globe. A sail 
from this point through the ^ne of the thousand islands. 

island channels presents a variety of scenery nowhere sur- 
passed. Magnificent liotels, pretty cottages, and summer camps 

NKW YOEK 2 




22 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



lie amid the wildest and most picturesque natural surround- 
ings. 

Tlie Southeastern Groiqj is at the mouth of the Hudson 
River. Manhattan Island, fourteen miles in length and less 
than three in width, but the most remarkable island of the world, 
is separated from the mainland on the north by the Harlem 
River. Staten Island, three times the size of Manhattan, lies 
five miles to the south of it._ Long Island, separated from Man- 
hattan by the East River, 
which is really only a strait, 
is about 110 miles long and 
varies from eight to twenty 
miles in width. There are 
also numerous small islands 
near Long Island. 

Waterfalls. — It must be 
remembered that very few 
rivers flow Avith a uniform de- 
scent. A river may flow for miles with but a slight decline, and 
then suddenly plunge over a rocky wall in a number of cascades, 
or drop in a single fall. Many of the rivers of New York contain 
waterfalls of great beauty and often, as we shall see later, of 
great use. 

The Niagara Falls are the most noted of these. The im- 
mense volume of water from four of the five Great Lakes passes 
to Lake Ontario by way of the narrow Niagara River. Over the 
rocky bed of this river it flows, until in the course of half a 
mile it descends forty feet, thus forming what are known as the 




Copyright, 1888, by S. R. Stoddiud. 

A Cascade 



DRAINAGE 



23 




Niagara Falls. 



Rapids of the Niagara. 
Then it drops four times 
this height in a stupen- 
dous fall. Goat Island di- 
vides the mile-wide stream 
at this point so that the fall 
is made in two branches, 
the narrower American 
Falls, 167 feet high, and 
the broader, horseshoe- 
shaped Canadian Falls, 
158 feet high. Below the falls the river forms what is known 
as the Whirlpool Rapids, and later, broadening into one of the 
calmest of streams, empties into Lake Ontario. 

In the Genesee River there are two groups of falls, one at 
Portage, where there is a descent of 330 feet in three miles, and 
the other at Rochester, where there is a drop of 200 feet in three 

cascades. At what is 
known as the Middle Fall 
at Portage, the river has 
worn out of the bank a 
curious cave called the 
Devil's Oven, large enough 
to hold a hundred people. 
In the lower course of 
the Au Sable River there 
is a number of swirling 

Whirlpool Rapids. ^apids and dashing falls 




24 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



beyond which is the famous Au Sable Chasm where the river 
rushes for two miles between sheer walls of rock a hundred feet 

in height and only fifty feet apart. 

On the Mohawk there are the 
Colioes Falls, seventy feet in height. 
West Canada Creek, a branch of the 
Mohawk, by half a dozen falls called 
the Trenton Falls, descends 312 feet 
in two miles. The Kaaterskill Falls 
(see page 16) and Haines Falls in the 
Catskills are also worthy of mention. 

Lakes. — New York is noted for its 
large number of lakes, many of great 
beauty. Most of them belong to the 
St. Lawrence River system. In fact, 
the Delaware system has no lake of 
any size, and the Susquehanna has only Lake Otsego, which, at 
an altitude of 1200 feet, is at the source of that river. In 
the Mississippi system 
there is Lake Chautau- 
qua, a beautiful sheet of 
water in the extreme 
western part of the state. 
It is 1300 feet above sea 
level — 700 feet higher 

than Lake Erie, only lake Chautauqua. 

eight miles away. The Hudson River system contains a few of 
the famous x\dirondack lakes, but, as has been remarked, the sys- 




Au Sable Chasm. 




DRAINAGE 



25 



tern which iiichides the 

greatest number of lakes 

is that of the St. Lawrence. 

Most important of all are 

the border lakes : Lake Erie 

with its surface nearly 600 

feet above sea level, and not 

navigable in winter ; Lake ^^^^ champlain. 

Ontario, more than 300 feet lower than Erie, and never frozen over ; 





Copyright, 1890, by S. R. Stoddard. 



Lake George. 



and Lake Champlain^, the northern gateway of the state, beauti- 
fully surrounded by the Adi- 
rondacks and the Green 
Mountains. Tributary to Lake 
Champlain is the picturesque 
Lake George^ some forty miles 
in length, and famed for its 
clear water, its throng of little 

Baby Island, Lake George. islands, and its wild, WOoded 




26 



THE STATE OF XEU YOllK 




FoKT TiCOXnF.ROGA. 



chores. Ticonderoga Creek connects Lake George with Lake 
Champlain, into wliicli it empties, after a descent of 200 feet, not 

far from the site of old 
I'ort Ticonderoi^a. Al- 
so iinding then- outlet 
into the St. Lawrence, 
through either the riv- 
ers flowing directly into 
it or those feeding Lake 
Champlain, are most of 
the Adirondack lakes, 
brill ianth' set amid the 
forests of the great mountains. In the central part of the state is 
the group of lakes which from their 
sliape are often known as the Finger 
Laliex. We have seen that the Os- 
wego River is their outlet into Lake 
Ontario. The most important of tliem 
are CaijiKja, Seneca, and Oneida, all 
navigated by steamboats. At the 
head of Seneca Lake are the wonder- 
ful Watkins Glen and Falls. The 
former is a great gorge in a rocky 
plateau, about three miles in length 
and reaching a depth of 300 feet. 
Through the Glen a swirling moun- watkins glkn. 

tain brook breaks its Avay in a number of rapids, cascades, and 
falls. Near the western shore of Cayuga Lake are the gracefid 



^ ;«-s 




^ 





SIZE 



27 



Tmighannock Falls, fifty feet 
higher than Niagara, which 
rush into a ravine whose 
walls are 400 feet high. In 
the neighborhood are more 
than a dozen other impor- 
tant waterfalls. Indeed, the 
whole region about these lakes 
abounds in attractive scenery. 

SIZE 

New York is not by any 
means one of the largest states 
in the Union. In fact, of the 
forty-eight states, twenty -eight 
are larger than New York. 
Yet its area is more than three 

fourths of that of all New England, but less than one fifth of that 

of Texas, and its water 

surface is greater than 




Taughannock Falls. 



NEW YORK 



NEW 
ENGLAND 



the entire area of Rhode 
Island. The length and 

width of New York are each over 300 miles, 
and its surface is nearly 50,000 square miles. 
A most important fact is that the state has 
a water frontage of nearly 1000 miles. Politi- 
cally, the state is divided into sixty-two counties, the most popu- 
lous of which is New York, and the largest in area, St. Lawrence. 




Relative Areas 



28 



THE STATE OF ^EW YOKK 



IMPORTANCE 

We have already seen that New York has advantages of 
location, surface, drainage, and size, which, properly used, would 
make the state one of great importance. As a matter of fact, it 
is easily the first state of the Union — the Empire State, as it 
is called. Its area is only one seventieth of that of the United 




NY. 


U.S. 



U.S. 



N.Y. 



U.S. 




N.Y 






Area 



Population Manufacturing Foreign Commerce 



Banking 



States ; and yet it has about one tenth of the population, the 
vakie of its manufactures is one sixth, it handles nearly one half 
of the foreign commerce, and it carries on four sevenths of the 
banking business. Since 1820 New York has led the states of 
the Union in population, having been fifth in 1790, third in 1800, 
and second in 1810. It now has about 10,000,000 inhabitants. 
More than this, the state has a foremost place in literature, art, 
and education. 

RESOURCES 

We have spoken of the physi(^al advantages of New York. 
Let us see more ch^sely what they are. 

Water Power. — We have seen that the land is so shaped and 
located that there is a long water frontage, — on lake, river, and 
ocean, — that there arc rivers upon which boats may be rup. 



RESOURCES 



29 




. Niagara Water Power. 

and yet other rivers wherein are hnge waterfalls. These falls 
are valuable as sources of power. Tn some cases, as in the falls 
of the Genesee at the city of Rochester and in the falls of the 
Oswego at the city of Fulton, the falling water is made to turn 
mill wheels which set in motion all kinds of machinery. In 
the case of the falls at the 
city of Niagara Falls, the 
water is led into 2i:reat 
pits, where it drops on big- 
wheels called turbines, and 
escapes through a two- 
mile tunnel under the city 
into the river heloio the 
falls. The revolving tur- 
bines put into motion great 

dynamos in the power Intekk.k ov Puweu House. Niagara. 




80 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



house which make electricity. The power in this form is then 
distributed through wires to a distance of many miles and used 
in running factories, railroad cars, and other machinery. 

Climate. — Another advantage which New York enjoys is a 
temperate climate, neither too warm nor too cold except on a few 
days in the year or in a few localities. The rainfall is moderate, 

and well distributed 
both throughout the 
year and over the state. 
Soil. — Again, a 
large part of the sur- 
face of New York has 
a fertile soil. This is 
especially true of the 
great valley regions 
along the Great Lakes, 
along the Hudson, Mohawk, and Genesee, about the Central 
Lakes, and at what is known as the Great Alluvial Plain of the 
Susquehanna River in the Allegheny Plateau, where the river 
has left a sediment of rich, fertile soil for miles around. 

Minerals. — Li the earth itself are large resources, such as 
iron ore, salt, petroleum, natural gas, granite, and marble. 

Plants and Animals. — Again, let us consider the plant and 
animal life of the state. Before Europeans came to New York, 
dense forests covered the entire region. Chief of the trees is 
the pine, and in the Adirondacks large quantities of other ever- 
greens — particularly the spruce and the hemlock. These are 
found, too, in other parts of the state, but mingled with hare! 




Alluvial Plain near Binghamton. 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS ?,] 

woods. Especially plentiful are the oak. maple, hickory, chest- 
nut, hasswood, and elm. Of the larger wild animals, few have 
escaped the gun and trap. But small game, like rabbits and 
squirrels, and game birds still a))Ound. Fish there are in 
plenty — in the fresh-water lakes and rivers, trout, l)ass, pick- 
erel, and whitefish ; and in the salt water, shad, bluehsh, mack- 
erel, oysters, and clams. 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 

But all these resources would be worthless without the in- 
dustry of man. It requires effort on his part even to catch fish 
or trap a wild animal. 
All the different forms of 
effort which man makes 
to turn the resources of 
nature to his own use we 
call Industries. The chief 
of these are : Lumbering, 
Farming, Fishing, Mining 
and Quarrying, and Manu- 
facturing. 

Lumbering. — The peo- 
ple have been so active in 
clearing the land of trees that almost all of the useful timber 
has been cut down, except in the Adirondack region. In 1850 
New York was the leading state hi lumbering, but to-day it is 
outranked by about twenty states, and the wooded area is not 




Copyright, l*iS, by S. R. Stodihird. 

Lumbering in the Adirondacks. 



'S2 



THE ST ATI-: OF ^'E\V VUKK 



more tlian a third of tliu total area. Howcxcr. limilxTini^ is still 
an important industry, which tlirives chielly in the Adirondacks. 
Here, during the winter, when the lakes, streams, and marshes 
are frozen into firm roadways, the ax of the lumberman is buvsy, 
and the delightful summer camps on the green banks of lakes and 
rivers give place to the snow-bound lumbering camps, where the 
huge pine, hemlock, and spruce are felled and dragged to con- 
venient storing places on 
the ice-bound rivers. When 
in th'.' s])ring the ice be- 
gins tt^ loosen and melt, 
and the streams swell 
into powerful torrents, the 
exciting and dangerous 
work of lumbering begins. 
Agile and skillful lum- 
bermen, armed with long 

Logs ix the River at TIlfn-s Falls. ^q\q^^ direct the floating 

logs in their course down stream, and many are the hairbreadth 
escapes and deeds of reckless daring told at the evening camp 
fires. 

But it is necessary that a certain amount of forest land be 
allowed to remain, as it holds the rainfall and thus keeps up 
the water su])ply of the rivers. As the lumbermen in the past 
were frequently selfish and reckless in destroying the trees, the 
state goverinnent has acquired forest lands from time to time, so 
that now about oOOO square miles is owned by the state and known 
as the Forest Presei^ve. 




1M)U8TKIKS AND OCCLM'ATIONS 




Farming. — The fanner usually engages in both agriculture and 
stock raising. The fertile valley regions he uses for raising crops 
of grain, vegetables, or 
fruit, while the hills 
and rough places, which 
are not so good for 
agriculture, he uses as 
pastures for his cattle 
and other stock. Fully 
half of the area of 
New York is devoted 

, ,. • rpi F\RMiNci IN Northern New York. 

to tarmmg. J here are 

over :>00,000 farms, and they average each about 100 acres in 
area. The state is one of the leaders in agriculture, as in so 
many other respects. It ranks high botli in crop raising and in 
stock raising?. The farms of the state are valued at more than 
$1,500,000,000, and their products in one year are worth a 

seventh of this sum. The 
counties that lead in the value 
of agricultural products are 
St. Lawrence, Steuben, and 
Erie. 

Fishing. — New York is 
excellently situated for the 
pursuit of fishing either as 

Drying Fish Nets — Lake Ontario. a Sport Or as au industry. 

Lakes Erie and Ontario., the St. Lawrence, the Niagara, and the 
inland rivers and lakes, the Hudson, and the salt water about 




34 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



Loug Island, all yield great quantities of fish. The Lake Erie 
fisheries are said to surpass those of any other body of fresh 
water in the world. Here fishing is done either from small 
boats, from the shore, or, in the winter, through the ice. 

The state government has made laws fixing the times of the 
year when certain fish may be taken and the manner in which 
they may be caught, whether by line or net or spear. Fish 

hatcheries are main- 
tained, where 3'Oung 
fish are raised and the 
waters of the state 
stocked \vith millions 
of them every year. 

Mining and Quarry- 
ing. — Although New 
York is not knowm as 
a mining state, the fol- 
lowing industries are 
important : mining for 
iron and a few other 
metals ; quarrying for stone and other minerals ; drilling for oil 
or natural gas ; mining for salt or getting it from the great salt 
marshes. 

Manufacturing. — But the products of all these industries are 
of little value until they have been manufactured into articles 
of use to us in our daily life. 

Tjumbering, mining, and quarrying lead to manufacturing. 
Of little use are the timber and boards until fashioned into 




6alt Wokks. 



INDUSTRIES AND OCCUPATIONS 



35 




thousands of articles from a sheet 
of paper to a steamboat ; of little 
use is the iron ore until melted, 
refined, and shaped into its many 
forms from a needle to a locomo- 
tive ; of little use is the marble 
until converted into its countless 
products from a paper weight to 
a city hall. Even fishing and 
farming lead to manufacturing. 
Fish are salted and preserved as 
food, or their oil is extracted. 
Grains are ground to flour, vege- 
tables and fruits are dried or 
canned, hops are used in making 
beer, and tobacco is made into cigars ; and from live stock are 
produced butter, cheese, condensed milk, and even canned meats, 
leather, and buttons. 

New York stands far in the lead in the matter of manu- 
factures. The total value of the products is so great that an 
exact statement of the number of dollars would give no idea of 
it, as it reaches far up into the billions. 

Occupations, — While the industries just described employ a 
great number of the people of the state, it must be remembered 
that certain other occupations are necessary in any civilized 
community. So that we find here a great army of lawyers, 
doctors, ministers, teachers, engineej's, iournalists, clerks, railroad 
men, and others. 



Oldest Sawmill in the State. 
Built in 1805. 



THE STATE OF XEW YOKK 



PEODUCTS 

Let us now consider the products of each of these industries 

in turn. 

Forest Products. — The forests in New York yield products 

which in a single year reach a value of about $ 10,000.000. 

The trees, as hewn and 
trimmed by the ax of 
the woodman, are 
taken to the sawmill 
where they are further 
trimmed into beams, 
sawed into boards, 
planed into various 
forms, or cut into shin- 
gles, or into hoops, 
staves, and headings 

Interior of a Modern Sawmill. f^j, barrels. The prod- 

ucts of the sawmills and planing mills go to the hands of the 
builder or the manufacturer. 

Agricultural Products. — Among the leading groups of agri- 
cultural products are the cereals. In the production of buck- 
wheat New York has first place, raising over a third of the 
total crop of the United States. Great quantities are produced 
throughout the Allegheny Plateau. In the value of the rye crop, 
which comes largely from the Hudson Valley counties, there are 
only a few states that outrank New York. Oats, wheat, and 
corn are also produced in large quantities. Another group of 




PKODT'CTS 



37 




A Vkcktaulk FAim. 



important products is the ditt'ereut kinds of hay. Iowa is the 
only state that yields a larger amount than does New York. 

As to vegetahles, 
nearly a tenth of the 
entire United States 
crop is raised in New 
York. New Y^ork has 
first place in the pro- 
duction of potatoes, 
onions, sweet corn, turnips, green peas, cabbages, and several 
other varieties. 

Almost a third of all the hops in the United States comes 
from New York, and this state supplies also a small part of the 
tobacco crop. The maple, in addition to furnishing a valuable tim- 
ber, is raised for its sap to 
such an extent, that New Y^ork 
produces more maple sugar 
than any other state except 
Vermont. 

In the raising of fruits, 
New York is second only to 
the famous fruit state of Cali- 
fornia, and in the raising; of 
apples it holds first rank. 
Millions of pounds of fruits 
are evaporated for the mar- 
ket, and cider and vinegar are among the important products 
of the state. The counties bordering on the Ontario are famed 

NEW VOKIC 3 




WnNiinniiiiimniimrauiiiiiwiiiiniiiiiiimiutinnnniHWW^ 

( I \ I 111 KlNi. ( 1 1, \ I'l 



38 



THE STATE OF XEW YOEK 



for their orchards, and grapes and other small fruits are raised 
in enormous quantities. 

Agriculture includes, too, the cultivation of fruit trees, plants 
and trees for ornamental purposes, and the raising of farm and 
garden seeds, and here also New York is the leader, the lower 
Hudson and Long Island counties selling nearly $3,000,000 
worth of nursery products annually. Near the city of Roches- 
ter are nm-series, said to be the largest in the United States. 
Live Stock. — We have seen that the farmer finds it profit- 
able to devote his hilly or rough land to stock raising. In a 
single year the farmers of the state have sold about $ 30,000,000 
worth of live animals. In the value of the manufactured dairy 
products — condensed milk, butter, cheese — New York is a 
leading state. Enough milk is produced in a year to supply 

every person in the 
state with more than 
a hundred gallons. 
In poultry raising the 
state has high rank, 
and in the culture of 
bees it is surpassed 
only by California in 
the value of its honey 
and wax. 

Fish. — The chief 

products of the fishing 

industry are herring, sturgeon, trout, whitefish, catfish, pike, and 

perch, from the border waters ; trout, bass, pike, perch, and pick- 




Trcjut Fishing 



PKODUCTS 



39 



erel, from the inland waters ; shad from the Hudson ; and in 
the salt water about Long Island are captured great quantities 
of bluefish and mackerel : nienliaden are caught oft" the eastern 
shore ; and the bays are worke^ for lobsters, oysters, and clams — 
the famous Blue Point oysters couie froui the vicinity of Blue 
Point on the Great Soutn Bay. 

Minerals. — As to the . mining industries, iron is the only 
metal found in any quantity. Fine iron is mined in the Cham- 
plain district, in the 
Highlands, and at va- 
rious scattered points 
in other regions. 

In quarrying, over 
$7,000,000 worth of 
building stone was taken 
out in 1913. Granite 
is found throughout the ^ brickyard. 

Hudson region, marble in the northern and eastern counties, and 
bluestone in Ulster. The hard sandstone from Potsdam is used 
for paving. The only place in the country where red slate is 
found is Washington County. Limestone is found in nearly 
every section, and clay is widely distributed, so that cement is 
made in many counties. Along the lower Hudson large clay beds 
have developed important brick-making industries. 

Petroleum is found at many places, chiefly in Allegany and 
Cattaraugus counties. From Glean the oil is pumped through 
pipes to distributing points as distant as Buft'alo and Long Island 
City, Natural gas is found in the central and southwestern 




40 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 




parts of the state, and is used in Buffalo and other places for 
lighting, cooking, and heating. 

In the production of salt, New York has long held first or 
second rank. Salt springs of value are in Onondaga, Wyoming, 

and Genesee counties ; 
and in recent years 
rock salt has been 
mined in Livingston 
County. 

M i n e r a 1 springs, 
valuable as medicine, 
are found throughout 
the state, some of the 
. ,..s..K. ss PAKK, sakat.,.;a s.hi.n.... ^^^^ kno^Yn being those 

at Saratoga, Richfield, Sharon, and Avon. The village of Sara- 
toga Springs, located two or three miles from the Hudson, is the 
most famous watering place 
in the United States. Its 
population of 13,000 is greatly 
increased during the sum- 
mer months by visitors to the 
hotels, attracted largely by 
the wonderful mineral waters. 
Manufactured Products. — 
The products of manufacture 
are almost countless. The ^ "^^^ i^" sauai....a. 

leading branch is the manufacture of textiles, the products of 
which exceed a fifth of the entire maimfactures of the state. The 




COMMKKCE 



41 




Saratoga Lake. 



iiianiifacture of food and like products comes next in importance, 
followed by what are known as "hand-trade" products. In 
the manufacture of metals 
other than iron and steel, 
New York is the first state, 
and in this connection it 
is interesting to note that 
New York's production 
of confectionery is now^ 
greater than that of iron 
and steel. The state is 
first also in the manufac- 
ture of lumber products, 
of chemicals, of liquors and 
beverages, of tobacco, of paper and printing, of gloves, millinery, 
carpets and rugs, and electrical machinery and apparatus. Very 
extensive, too, are its shipbuilding, and its manufactures of clay, 
glass, and stone, of leather, and of vehicles. 

COMMERCE 

It is not enough that the different industries shall take the 
resources of tlie earth and change them into useful products. 
These products must next be exchanged., so that each person may 
work at his occupation and trade off his products for other things 
which he needs but does not make himself. This exchange we 
call Commerce, and here, too, nature has done much for New 
York in determining the routes by which merchandise of various 
kinds can be most easily transported from one point to another. 



42 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 




A Hudson River Steamboat. 



Modes of Transportation. — We have noticed that the state iy 
cut in many directions by valleys, which are of the greatest 
importance as routes of travel. Along these lines the exchange 
of farm products for the products of the factory, and the prod- 
ucts of one town for those of another, has been made for years 
and years. Roads were early built, that men and produce might 

travel horseback or in wagons. 
Steamboats were run on the 
navigable waters. Then in 
some cases where the rivers 
could not be used for pur- 
poses of commerce canals were 
built. Later came the '' iron 
horse," readv to haul alono; 
steel rails great numbers of wagons or cars at a speed far greater 
than ever before attained. 

Routes of Transportation. — One feature of New York's sur- 
face gave the state a great opportunity to grow in commercial 
strength. Year by year the American colonists pushed their 
settlements farther and farther into the great West and North- 
west. Year by year their products increased until they had 
more than they could dispose of near at hand. Then, naturally, 
they sought the chance to trade with the people of the Atlantic 
Slope, and even with the European nations. To carry on this 
export trade it was necessary that in some way their products 
slionld reach the Atlantic coast. Many seaboard towns with 
their excellent harbors — Boston, New York, Philadelphia — 
were good ports when once reached; but how to reach them? 



COMMEKCE 



48 



For hundreds of miles there was no break in the Appalachian 
Highlands through which the loaded wagons might be sent 
to the coast, but well toward the northei-n end there was the 
cut formed by the St. Lawrence and Mohawk valleys. Once 
through this opening, to the right, lay the navigable Hudson, 
inviting commerce to its mouth port, — New York. Thus New 
York city became the great American port, and New York state 
the commercial leader of the Union. 

Roads. — The means by which commerce has been carried on 
are the waterways — natural and artificial — and the roadways, 
either open roads or 
railroads. 

In the construction 
of roads for ordinary 
use great progress has 
been made. At first, 
a road was hardly more 
than a widened trail 
through the woods, but 
from that small be- 
ginning has gradually ^^^^ Ocean steamer. 

come the miles of well-built roads that to-day are found all over 
the state. Especially as the bicycle and automobile have come 
more and more into use, the greater has been the need for smooth 
and lasting roadways, so that the length of these improved roads 
is daily increasing. 

Water Routes. — The easiest kind of route for man to establish 
is a boat line, for nature has provided the " roadbed," as it were, 




44 THE STATE OF NEW YORK 

and man has only to furnish the vehicles. Steam, of course, is 
almost entirely used to-day as the motive power, and so we find 
steamboats plying regularly on all of the important inland and 
border rivers and lakes. Tlie great shipping center, not only of 
New York state, but of the western hemisphere, is the port of 
New York city. Thence the vessels go out to the north, the east, 
and the south. Many of the steamboats are of great size and 
speed and as comfortably and richly furnished as any hotel. • 

Canals. — We have already remarked that many of the valleys 
are traversed by unnavigable streams. While large boats may 
readily sail up the Hudson, their farther progress — up througli 
the Mohawk Valley — is made impossible by the shallowness of the 
Mohawk River and its rapids and falls. Again, even if this river 
were navigable, there are many breaks in the chain of rivers and 
lakes as you cross the state. Large ditches might be built to 
connect these, you may say. Yes, but they could not be laid 
out across entirely level country, and they would soon become 

rapid - flowing; rivers. 

CASCADE ^ ^ 

=f^ Even were a river 

bed dredged and the 
river thus deepened 
and the falls cut out, 
it would still remain 
unnavigable on account of the swiftness with which the water 
would flow. Thus it was necessary for man to devise some 
kind of artificial river, on the plan of a large ditch, and to find 
some method by which boats could be taken easily fi'om one 
level to anothei'. AVhat he did contrive was a form of ''lock. 




COMMERCE 



45 



L£V£L C 


5 


LOCK 


2 




. — — _. 






LEI^EL D 










s:r 






FlOO/f or LOCK 



by which a boat as it stands iu the water can be raised or 

lowered from level to level — made, in fact, to go uphill or 

downhill. If you study carefully the following description, 

you can understand how this is done. 

If a boat is to be taken from level C to level D (downhill), 

gate B is closed ; water from level C is admitted until it stands 

in the lock as high as 

't does on level C ; 

gate A is opened and 

the boat floated into 

the. lock ; gate A is 

closed ; the water in the lock is let out gradually into level D, 

so that it falls slowly to the level of that in level D ; gate B is 

opened ; the boat now 
passes out on level D 
and is drawn on until 
another lock is reached. 
To go uphill from D 
to C the operation is 
reversed : B is opened ; 
the boat goes into the 
lock ; B is closed ; water 
is gradually admitted 
into the lock from C ; 
A is then opened and 
the boat is on level C. 
It was on April 15, 1817,, that the legislature of New York, 

Tmder the leadership of Governor Clinton, voted to build the Erie 




Canal Lo( k, Litti.k Falls. 












^.Siirijtvillj 






p, 



N 



> Castle I ftl\ 



^^'^^J 



V 



'.FAflQUMAR, DEL. 



NEW YORK 

^ SCAL E OF MILES 

6 it* 5i So 15 S) eS to so w loo 
County Towns ^.i Hailroads Canals — 

L_ 1 

78 Longitude 77 Wes 



46 






f^ 




moIntpelie^-' 

[ Middllbury 






.Rutland 



w 









> 



.as 



p eV aijwXr e 






-N..' 



M\sr. ^ 
SULLI' 

nUectin 
.J „* 



s s/k c 



Springfield 



Unton Port Jervigjc4^}!/ 



'^Y 



™ibro«l7| 
?oi^hkae)i3ie 



s.YJ.k 



stV- 

t Chc o t oF- 



IhartfoJ 



\ x^'eff LoDiioq 

4w Haver 



4Lari;limi>nt_ 



I s 



I>^ 



N p 



,_1 fl D Green 



48 



THE STATE OF NEW VOFvK 



Canal, from Albany to Buffalo. In spite of the ridicule which 
greeted the " Big Ditch " on all sides, it was completed by 
October 26, 1825. Since then the Erie Canal has been used 
constantly except during the winter, when navigation is closed. 
It fixed the path of commerce from the West through the state 
of New York, and made the city of New York the chief port 
for foreign shipment. In addition, many thriving towns have 
been developed all along the route of the canal. From time 
to time the canal has been improved in many respects. The 
original length of 363 miles has been reduced to 353 ; the num- 
ber of locks from 83 to 34, and the canal and locks have been 
enlarged several times so tiiat larger boats may be used. 

The last and greatest improvement, undertaken in 1903-1916, 
transformed the Erie Canal into the main part of the New York 
State Barge Canal, which includes also three other branches : 
the Oswego, the Champlain, and the Cayuga and Seneca canals. 
In this reconstruction of the Erie and other canals the routes were 
changed so as to use lakes and canalized rivers for long distances. 
The improvement cost more than $125,000,000. Rochester and 
Syracuse, left off the new route, are reached Ijy short branches. 

A smaller canal, also 
built by the state, con- 
nects the Black River with 
the Mohawk at Rome. 
Railroads. — Within 
six years after the completion of the Erie Canal tlie first railroad in 
New Y^ork was run between Albany and Schenectady. The 
building of railroads has continued since then, and to-dav over 




FiKST H.\i!-R(>Ar> Train. 



COMMKKCE 



49 




Through courtc-y of N. Y. C. & H. R. R.R. 

A Modern Railroad Train. 



8500 miles of steam roads are operated in the state. The roadbed 
and rolling stock have been greatly improved. One may now board 
a train at one end of the state in the morning and arrive at tlie 
other before evening ; 
throuiJrhout the entire 
trip, during which he 
has had at his com- 
mand the comforts of 
parlor and dining room, 
he need aiot leave his 
train. 

The chief railway systems of New York are : the New York ' 
Central and Hudson River, operating over 2000 miles of road in 
the state; the Erie, with about 9U0 miles; the Delaware and 
Hudson, the Lehigh Valley, the Delaware, Lackawanna, and 
Western, the New York, Ontario, and Western, the West Shore 
and the Long Island, — ranging from about 700 to about 400 miles. 

It will be seen that tlie same natural routes which have been 
used by canals have been used by the railroads, and that the 
railroads generally follow the valleys. Man has not, however, 
followed these highways of nature altogether, but has daringly 
laid his iron rails acj^oss the mountain ridges, cutting through the 
mountains and building long bridges over the valleys between. 

The main line of the New York Central follows the east 
bank of the Hudson from New York city to Albany. Here it 
turns westward through the Mohawk Valley and follows very 
closely the route of the Erie Canal to Buffalo. Other lines reach 
many other parts of the state. 



60 



THE STATE OF :NEW YOUK 



The West Shore runs along the west bank of the Hudson, 
and from Albany to Buffalo along a route about the same as that 
of the Central. 

The Lehigh Valley and the Delaware, Lackawanna, and 
Western extend from New York to Buffalo hj routes that lie 
partly in New Jersey ajiid Pennsylvania. 

The Erie, completed in 1851, is a wonderful piece of engi- 
neering work. Its original western terminus was Dunkirk, on 

Lake Erie. It now 
runs west to Chicago, 
and has branches to 
Buffalo and many 
other points. If you 
follow the Erie from 
Jamestown, a hand- 
some city on Lake 
Chautauqua where the 
road makes its west- 
ern connections, and 
continue to New York, 
you will notice how it has to cross all five of the river systems 
of the state, and yet how it does this almost entirely by fol- 
lowing up or down the river valleys. First it travels up the 
Allegheny (Mississippi system), then down a branch of the Gene- 
see (St. Lawrence system), then up the main stream, and finally 
up an eastern tributary, passing out of the Genesee Valley, at 
an altitude of nearly 1800 feet, into the Susquehanna system, 
by way of the \'alley of the Canisteo River. Next it goes down 




i |j;ii-; Haii.koad. 



OOMMEIKJE 51 

the Chemung, then up the Susquehanna, tlicn crosses the dividi' 
into the Delaware watershed, following very closely the Delaware 
River for the entire length of its boundary between New York 
and Pennsylvania. At Port Jervis the road turns eastward to 
climb over the Shawangunk Mountains down to the valleys of 
the Hudson River system. In many cases, where the moun- 
tains come down to the river's edge like this, 
the roadbed for the railroad had to be cut for 
miles out of the solid rock, thus 

The New York, Ontario, and 
Western follows the tracks of 




tlie West Shore from Weehaw- \ /f/y£/f 

ken to Cornwall. From here it 
strikes northwest to Oswego. 

The Delaware and Hudson extends from Binghamton and the 
coal district of eastern Pennsylvania to Albany, Rutland in Ver- 
mont, and Montreal, with branches to many famous summer resorts. 

The Long Island Railroad runs from Brooklyn, in New York 
city, throughout the length of the island along both the north 
and south shores and also through the middle of the island. 

The last few years have seen great progress in the use of 
electricity, which has taken the place of horses as power for 
street railroads, and replaced steam for local travel between 
neighboring towns. About 3000 miles of such roads are op- 
erated in New York. In some cases the power is led through 
underground wires, in others by overhead wires, and in others, 
mainly on elevated street railways, by a third rail alongside 
the tracks. 



62 



THE STATE OF NEW YOliK 



MANUFACTURING CENTERS 



In New York, as in every other state or country, the people 
have gathered themselves together into villages or into cities, 
which are really only villages of a larger growth. In some cases 
this is because these particular places were better fitted for carry- 
ing on manufacturing ; in other cases because they made good 

centers for trade. All of 
the cities and many of 
the villages now are both 
manufacturing and com- 
mercial centers. But most 
of them owe their first 
growth to one onlj' of 
these causes. The cities 
of New York are listed on 
pages 129-130. In order 
of their rank as manufac- 
turing centers the leading 
ten are : New York, Buffalo, Rochester, Yonkers, Syracuse, Sche- 
nectady, Troy, Utica, Niagara Falls, Albany. New York — by far 
the greatest of these — is studied in the second half of this book. 

Buffalo, at the western end of the state, has immense manu- 
factures of iron, steel, brass, and copper goods, machinery, lumber, 
oil, flour, sugar, beef, leather, shoes, etc. Slaughtering and meat 
packing are extensively carried on. Near Buffalo are the manu- 
facturing cities of Niagara Falls (with large chemical works), 
Lockport, North Tonawanda, Tonawanda, and Lackawanna. 




Grain Elf\ \ii'i:, Kn t \i. 



M AN U FACT UlUXG CENTERS 



53 




Copyrife'lit, r.H)0, by Detroit Pliiitograph.e ^o. 

Salixa Street, Syracuse. 



Rochester, too, has many millions of dollars invested in 
manufacturing, over a third of which is in the manufacture 
of photographic supplies, 
boots and shoes, and men's 
clothing. Flour, beer, to- 
bacco, and furniture are 
among the other products. 
Syracuse not only has 
high rank as a manufac- 
turing city, but it is rapidly 
growing. Men's clothing, 
automobiles and other 
machinery, manufactures 
of iron and steel and malt 
liquors are the leading products. Auburn, to the southwest, and 
Oswego, to the northwest, are both important manufacturing cities. 

Between Syracuse and Troy 
are the cities of Rome, Utica, Little 
Falls, Gloversville, Johnstown, 
Amsterdam, Schenectady, and Co- 
lioes, all important centers of man- 
ufacture. In Schenectad// the 
chief manufactures are electrical 
machinery and steam locomotives. 
Utica manufactures textiles and 
other goods. 

Troy and Albany are extensive manufacturers of machinery, 
mathematical instrunients, and shirts, collars, and cuffs. 




A Collar Shop, Troy, 



54 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 




A Street in Ithaca. 



Between Albany and New 
York are the cities of Hudson, 
Kingston, Poughkeepsie, New- 
burgh, Yonkers, and Mt. Vernon, 
all engaged in manufacture. Yon- 
kers has large sugar refineries 
and carpet and rug factories. 

In the south central part of 
the state is a group of manufac- 
turing cities, including Ithaca, Hornell, Corning, Elmira, and 
Binghamton. The last two are the most important and have 
large flour mills, rolling mills, tanneries, breweries, iron works, 
car shops, and factories of uiauy kinds. 

COMMERCIAL CENTERS 

We next consider the cities 
as connnercial centers. The lead- 
ing lake ports are Buffalo and 
Oswego. Biitfalo is called the 
" Queen City of the Lakes" ; for 
not only is it one of the most 
important cities of all the Great 
Lakes, but, with its ])road, well- 
paved, and beautifully shaded 
streets, its many artistic resi- 
dences, its well-ke])t lawns, its substantial public buildings, and 
its system of pul)lic parks, it is one of the handsomest cities 
of the northern country. It has a water fi'ont of seven miles 




NiiKIH SiKKKl, lilFtALl 



COMMERCIAL CENTERS 



55 



on lake and river, and its harbor, protected by breakwaters, is 
one of the finest on Lake Erie. As a lake port, as one terminus 
of the Erie Canal, and as the junction of a score of railroads, 
it has an immense trade, especially in live stock, coal, and lum- 
ber. Grain is brought in enormous quantities from the West 
and stored here, and later reshipped to its final destinations. 

Dunkirk, also a manufacturing city, has a large Lake Erie 
trade. 

Oswego is the chief port on Lake Ontario. It has an excellent 
harbor, pix)tected by a large breakwater, and has miles of wharves 
and many large grain 
elevators. It has a large 
trade with Canada in 
lumber and grain and 
in coal, which comes 
across the state from 
Pennsylvania. Its im- 
portance dates back to 
the days of the French 
and Indian War, when 
the English fort was captured, in 1756, by General Montcalm. 

All the cities alonsj the line of the Erie Canal and the Central 
and West Shore railroads are important trading centers. The 
Mohawk Valley is famous as a dairy region, and besides its 
immense exports of butter and cheese, hops and broom corn are 
raised in large quantities. To the west is the great grain and 
fruit producing region about the Finger Lakes and the Great 
Lakes. The products of the farms for miles around are brought 




Canal Lock \i Osw i.;g() 



.")C 



THE STATE OF NEW YOEK 



to the cities, where they are shipped by canal or railroad just as 
they are, or after they have been manufactured into other products. 

Bochester is on the 
Genesee River, not many 




miles from its mouth, on 
Lake Ontario. The city 
is connected by a brancli of 
the Pennsylvania Railroad 
with the plateau region to 
the south, so that Rochester 
is the center of trade for 
the whole Genesee Valley. 
Syracuse is a railroad 

LOWKK FA.LS, ROCHESTKU. ^^^^^^^ ^^^^ -^ COUUeCted 

with the Erie Barge Canal by Onondaga Lake. 

Home is an important market for cheese and lumber. 

Utiea, beautifully located on a slight elevation, is the metropo- 
lis of the Mohawk Val- 
ley and a busy railway 



and canal center. It 
is the most important 
cheese market in the 
United States. 

Schenectady is an- 
other rail road -center in 
the Mohawk Valley. It 
is the largest city be- 
tween Utiea and Al- 




Main Stkekt, Kochkster. 



C'UM.MKiaiAI. CKNTKKS 



0/ 




hiiuy, and its commercial importance is increasing with its rapid 
growth in manufactm^es and in population. 

Albany, the capital city, with 
its popidation of 1 UU,000, is located 
a lew miles below the mouth of 
the Mohawk and the junction of 
the Erie and Champlain canals, 
near the head of the Hudson 
River navigation. It is connected 
by rail with New York, Boston, 
Montreal, and Buffalo, and has (x<.vern..r's REsmExrE, Albany. 
always been a city of great commercial importance. It is the 
greatest lumber market in this part of the country. On the oppo- 
site bank of the Hudson from Albany, connected by a railroad 
bridge, is the city of Rensselaer, formerly East Albany. 

Troy has excellent com- 
mercial advantages, connected 
as it is by canals with Lakes 
Champlain, Erie, and Ontario, 
and located near Albany and 
its railroad systems. Oppo- 
site Troy is the city of Water- 
vliet, where the lumber trade 
is the • chief industry. At 
Watervliet is located a United 
States arsenal. 

At PoKghkecpsie, an important railroad junction, the Hud- 
son is spanned by an immense bridge. Trains passing over 

NEW YORK — 4 




The Poitohkkepsie Bripce. 



.IS 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



this bridge connect the Pennsylvania coal region with New 
England. 

Nev:hur(jh is one of the leading commercial cities on the 
river, dealing in the produce of the rich farm lands to the west. 

In Newburgh is located 
the Hasbrouck House, fa- 
mous as the headquarters 
of Washington during the 
last years of the Revolu- 
tion. Many relics of the 
War of Independence are 
to be found in the house 
and on the surrounding 
grounds, now preserved 
as a state park. New- 
burgh is connected by ferry with the city of Beacon. 

The most important of the many railroad centers of south 
central New York are BincjlLamton and Ehnira, trading largely 
in flour, lumber, and coal. 




Washington's Headquaki 



-Xkweii: .11. 



ADVANTAGES OF LOCATION 

But it must be remembered that good reasons fix the loca- 
tion of all cities, and that they do not grow up at random. 
Even if you did not know that there is a city called Buffalo, 
as soon as you had learned of the Great Lakes and the man}- 
people that live near and beyond them, and of the remarkable 
valley that extends from Lake Erie across New York to the 



ADVANTAGES OF LOCATION 



59 



Hudson River, you would expect to find a large city on the lake 
at the head of the valley. And, further, you would expect to 
find it at that point on the lake shore which has the best harbor 
for trading boats. 

Again, we have seen that in the Genesee River are great 
falls which can be used to run machinery. And at this point 
on the river has grown up the city of Rochester. 

The city of Syracuse owes its first growth to the salt springs 
in the neighboring marshes which were known to the Indians, 
it is said, as far back as 1653. 

These cities and those of the Mohawk Valley all owe their 
later rapid growth to the building of the Erie Canal and then 
to the railroads, which 
enabled them to ship 
their products to dis- 
tant markets and to 
develop into great com- 
mercial centers. 

Many other centers 
owe their manufac- 
turing importance to 
waterfalls — among 
them, Niagara Falls, Cohoes, Glens Falls, Little Falls, Fulton. 

Then there are the cities on the Hudson. Kingston, for 
example, is the most convenient point at which the bluestone 
from the quarries to the west can be taken and shipped down 
the river. Large quantities of ice taken from the Hudson are 
shipped from this port. Again, Kingston is the natural southern 




Cohoes Falls. 



60 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



gateway to the popular Catskill Mountain region, and so it gains 
prominence as a railroad center. 

At the junction of the Chenango and Susquehanna rivers, in 
the center of that fertile alluvial plain, there could not fail to 
grow up a town of importance as a manufacturing and trading 

center — Bingham ton. 

Olean and Wellsville 
became important on ac- 
count of the great oil field 
in the neighborhood. 

These instances are 
enough to show you that 
cities do not spring up by 
chance. In every case, the 
large city has had some 
great advantage of location — near powerful waterfalls, near 
natural waterways, or perhaps at the junction of two of them, 
or at the central point of an extensive farming district, or near 
natural resources. 




BiNGHAMTON. 



SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 

The Early Settlers. — Think of the early settler in New York 
as he pushed into the woods, cleared the trees off a little tract 
of land, built a log cabin, and became farmer, fisherman, quarry- 
man, and manufacturer, all in one. He and his family raised 
their own grain, vegetables, and fruit; they trapped game, 
caught fish, raised stock ; they made their own cloth and manu- 



SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT 



61 




Log House. 



factiired their own clothing and whatever else they needed in their 
daily life. Soon, however, others settled near them, and then 

each man began to devote 

himself to doing the thing 
he was best fitted to do. 
If he could shoe horses, 
he set up a blacksmith 
shop ; if he could make 
clothes, he set up a tail- 
or's shop ; if he was a 
miller, he built a mill at a 
convenient waterfall, and 
ground into flour the grain which the farmers brought him. 
Others devoted themselves to carpentry, others to masonry, others 
to manufacturing of one kind or another. 

Naturally these different people grouped themselves together 
in a village, and then was established the village store, where one 
could make a great variety of purcliases — an iron pail, a lace 
handkerchief, dried fish, or a box of axle grease. 

The doctor and the minister and the lawyer settled in the 
village, and schools and churches were built. Before many years 
elapsed, the little village grew to a large town, or perhaps, if it 
was fortunately located so that railroads or waterways made it a 
commercial center, it became a great city. 

Country Life. — All this while, many other people preferred 
to remain in the country, making their living as farmers, so that 
to-day, within the state of New York, we find miles after miles 
of rich farm land and again hundreds of cities and villages. 



62 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 




Modern Farmhouse and Barns. 



And how different is the farm hfe from that of the city ! 
The boy who lives on the farm gets up very early, — perhaps at 
four o'clock in summer, — helps with the "chores," milking the 

cows ; feeding the horses, 
cattle, pigs, and chickens 
and other live stock ; fetch- 
ing water from the well 
or spring, carrying it by 
the pailful several rods to 
the house ; and bringing in 
great armfuls of firewood. 
The farmer's family, with 
perhaps a " hired man " or 
two, are the only persons 
living in the good-sized, 
two-story house, and the nearest neighbor is probably a quarter 
of a mile away — often farther. After breakfast, the boy, with 





¥'■ 


-K'^'^8tty|Hit 


H 




P^-^i^*^ 


S ""^ 


' ^^^^^m. 




H 


iifci^-'^' 


H 




m 


^M 


B 


'S^^M 


^m 


^^1 


i-^^^ljiy^^P-ji 




iP 


^^r 


;, ;^''^ 



A Country Schoolhouse. 



SOCIAL DEVELOrMENT 



6b 



his lunch pail in hand, will trudge a mile or so to school. The 
sclioolhouse is a one-room frame building, and if there are 
twenty pupils present, it is considered a large attendance. If the 
country boy wishes to mail a letter or get any mail which may 
have been sent him, he often has a long walk or ride to the 
nearest village post office. If he goes out for the evening, unless 
it is a bright moonlight night, he 
will have to carry a lantern or 
fasten one on his carriage or 
sleigh. But he usually gets to 
bed early so as to rise the next 
day with the sun. 

City Life. — What a different 
story is the life of the city boy 
or girl, who lives perhaps in a 
house not more than twenty feet 
wide, with other houses close up 
on each side, and maybe with a 
back yard some forty feet long, 
or else in an " apartment " or 
" flat " house where from three 
to a dozen families all live. In this case each family has some 
half-dozen rooms where its daily life is carried on. The city 
boy's "milking" is not more than going to the front door and 
taking in the bottle or pail of milk which the milkman left 
there ; there is no fetching water, because the city reservoir sup- 
plies every house ; there is probably no firewood to bring in, 
because coal or gas is generally used as fuel. And so the city 




An Apartment House. 



64 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



boy has few " chores," and he does not get up so early as his 
country cousin. The school ^vhich he attends may be but a few 
rods away — a four-story building of brick and stone with 20UU 
or more pupils in daily attendance. Living so near the school, 
he can go home to his lunch. If he wants to call on his friends 
or go " down town " to the large shops, he can go by street 
car, electric or cable, or perhaps by an elevated road or a " sub- 
way." If he goes out at niglit, he finds the streets well lighted 
with public lamps, and there are many places of amusement open 
every evening. His letters are brought to his- house by a letter 

carrier, who makes sev- 



eral trips a day, and to 
mail a letter requires 
but a few steps to a 
letter box. 



GOVERNMENT 

In every govern- 
ment a few of the peo- 
ple are selected to make 
laws for the good of 
all and to see that 




The Senate Chamber at Albany. 



those laws are obeyed. The government of the state of New 
York, like that of the United States, has three branches. First, 
there is a legislative branch consisting of a Senate of 51 mem- 
bers and an Assembly of 150 members, elected by tlu^ people of 
the various districts into which the state is divided. The legis- 



govp:knment 



65 




The State Capitol. 

lators make the laws for the state. Second, there is the execu- 
tive branch, consisting of a governor and other state officers who 
are elected by all the people of the state. The governor, who 
appoints many assistants, sees that the people obey the laws. 
Third, there is a judicial branch, consisting of judges and other 
officers of the courts, all of whom are elected by the people. The 
duty of these is to settle disputes about the laws, and also to 
punish people who break the laws, thus administering justice to 
all the inhabitants of the state. 

Besides this state government, each county has a govern- 
ment to look after matters which relate only to its own county 



66 



THE STATE OF ^EW YOKK 



— a board of supervisor^ for law-making, a sheriff and other 
officers for law enforcing, and county courts for law judging. 

As each, county is divided into towns, there is another set 
of officials to attend to the matters of purely town government, 
and in the same way each of the cities of the state has a city 
government. 

The headquarters of the state government is in the capitol 
building at Albany. This magnificent granite structure, located 
on the principal height of the city, is visible for miles around. 



EDUCATI(3NAL CENTERS 

One of the causes of the importance of New York state is 
the attention given to ed^ucation. To-day not only has every 

^, , ,, . _ child an opportunity of 

getting a free schooling, 
but he is compelled to go 
to school whether lie and 
his parents wish it or not. 
Sixty-five million dollars is 
spent upon public educa- 
tion every year. Through- 
out the state are more 
than eleven thousand coun- 
try schoolhouses. In the larger villages there is usually wliat is 
known as a Union School, which contains a high-scliool depart- 
ment. In the cities, boards of education make laws and require- 
ments suited to the needs of the local schools. 




Columbia University. 



EDUCATIONAL CENTERS 



67 




Copyri-ht. I'.nii, hv Dctnnt I'luitosruiiliio Co. 

CoRf^ELL University. 



Besides these, there are 
the colleges, most of which 
are private institutions, in 
which the students pay for 
their instruction. When 
a student graduates from a 
college or university he re- 
ceives a diploma on which 
is written the degree or 
standing which he has at- 
tained. In New York there 
are over thirty colleges that confer degrees on their graduates. 
Of these colleges, Columbia University, organized as King's 
College in 1754, the largest in the state, is situated on Morning- 
side Heights in New York city. New York University, organ- 
ized in 1831, situated on University Heights, and the College of 
the City of New York, organized in 1848 as the New York Free 

Academy, are the next in 
size and importance in New 
York city. Cornell Uni- 
versity, beautifully located 
at Ithaca, on Cayuga Lake, 
is the second college of the 
state. Poughkeepsie is the 
seat of Vassar College, one 
of the leading schools in 
the United States for the 

Vassar College. cducatiou of WOmCH. 




08 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



There is at Albany tlie State Normal College which prepare^^ 
its pupils to become teachers, and eleven normal schools at dif- 
ferent points throughout the state carry on the same work. 

At West Point, commanding the Hudson to both north and 
south, is the United States Military Academy, which is governed 

by the War Department of . 



the United States. Here 
young men are trained to 
become army officers, and 
each graduate receives a 
second lieutenant's com- 
mission in the regular 
army. 

But schools are not 
the only educational insti- 
tutions. At Albany are 
located the State Museum and the State Library, containing 
thousands of volumes. There are many other large and impor- 
tant libraries, all of which, together with museums and other 
opportunities to increase one's knowledge, do their great work 
in the education and refinement of the people. 




United States Military Academy, West Point. 



This study of our state, though brief, will serve to show how 
well New York merits its proud title of Empire State. 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 



INTRODUCTION 

The city of New York is divided into five boroughs. 

The borough of Manhattan includes all of Manhattan Island, 
whose northern boundary is the Harlem River. It includes also 
Governors, Bedloes, Ellis, Oyster, Blackwells, Randalls, and Wards 
islands. The borough of The Bronx lies north and east of Man- 
hattan and extends to the northern limits of the cit}'. The 
borough of Brooklyn covers the area of Kings County, and is th(^ 
old city of Brooklyn It is surrounded by the East River, the 
borough of Queens, New York Bay, and the Atlantic Ocean. 
The borough of Queens extends from Brooklyn to Nassau County 
on the east. The borough of Richmond comprises all of Staten 
Island. 

The city of New York is governed by a mayor, who is 
assisted in each borough by a borough president. 

The area of the city is 318 square miles, of which the largest 
borough. Queens, covers 124 square miles, and the smallest, Man- 
hattan, 20 square miles. The vast city has 5,047,000 people, 
nearly half of whom are in the little borough of Manhattan. 
Richmond has the smallest population, although it outranks in 
area both the borough of Manhattan and the borough of Brooklyn. 

Gi) 




/'■^^^^A^^^WfJ 










71 



72 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 



NEW YORK CITY AS AN INDUSTRIAL AND COMMER- 
CIAL CENTER 

Although we generally think of New York as a city chiefly 
devoted to trade or commerce, we must not lose sight of the fact 

that it is a great indus- 
trial center as well. 

Of course the indus- 
tries common in the rural 
pai;ts of the state are not 
found here to any great 
extent, although it is true 
that within the limits of 
the city of New York we 
do find good fishing, and 
even some farming is still 
done. But every year sees 
more and more of the old farms in the outskirts of the city 
giving place to the real city life and to those industries that are 
more common in a great city. The most important of these 
industries is manufacturing, and it is due to this especially that 
New York leads as an industrial center. When we consider that 
in manufacturing. New York is the leading city of the world, we 
have one of the best standards by which to measure its greatness. 
This alone would lead to a vast commerce ; for we must dispose 
of the manufactured products, and so we send them by land and 
by sea to all parts of the globe. Tliesc we cnll our exports, and in 




Loading Goods for Export. 



AN INDUSTKIAL AND CUMMEUCiAL CENTER 



73 



the total exports of New York city we must include those goods 
that come through it from the north, the south, and the west, 
bound for foreign lands. The commerce of the city includes also 
the great import trade, goods brought in ships to New York 
from foreign ports, some of it to remain there and some to pass 
through on the way to the inland cities of the United States. 
These imports are taxed by the United States government, which 
has what is known as a Customhouse, in New York city, where 
the customhouse officers collect taxes, known as customs or 
duties, on the goods brought mto the port from foreign countries. 
The receipts of the New York customhouse are enormous, more 
than those of all the other 
customhouses of the 
United States tosrether. 

The post office of the 
city distributes about 
5,000,000 letters a day, 
which shows us in another 
way what an enormous 
amount of business must 
be done in the city. 

An important aid to the business of the city is its great num- 
ber of large banks, where merchants and others may deposit their 
money and draw against it by check, borrow money when they 
need it, and transact other business. 

With all these signs of the business activity of New York 
before us, it is not difficult to realize that in industry and wealth 
it is truly the Imperial City of the Western Hemisphere. 




The New Customhouse. 



74 



THE CITY OF NEW YOKK 



PHYSICAL CONDITIONS DETERMINING ITS GROWTH 
AND IMPORTANCE 

Situated at the mouth of the Hudson River, New York 
naturally receives from the north and west much of its commerce, 
and most of the European trade reaches or goes through the city. 
Its location on one of the finest harbors of the world made it 

even from the very first a 
natural trading post. Its 
climate is uniform and 
moderate, both in winter 
and in summer, and it is 
remarkably free from un- 
healthful or weakening 
surroundings. Again, the 
city with its borough har- 
bors and coast indenta- 

Grand Centkal Depot, Manhattan. tions, haS 3, Water front 

of some 3e50 miles, which gives it by far the greatest shipping 
and docking advantages of any city in the world. When we 
consider, further, that Ne\v York city is so located that it is 
easily reached by all railroad lines, from north, west, south, 
and east, it is not difficult to understand why it is the me- 
tropolis of the Western Hemisphere, nor to prophesy with cer- 
tainty that some day it will become the great world city, of a 
size and importance far beyond that of any city the world has 
hitherto known. 




TRA:sSPOilTATiO:N A^sD COMMUNICATION 75 



MEANS OF TRANSPORTATION AND COMMUNICATION 

We have already seen how man in his efforts to make trade 
and travel easy has improved the advantages offered hhii in 
New York state ; how he has built highways, railroads, canals, 
bridges, steamships. New York city shows, even more than 
the rest of the state, what wonders the mind and hand of 
man ma}' accomplish. 

The ordinary means of travel within the limits of New York 
city to-day are : elevated roads, surface cars, underground rail- 
ways, ferries, and bridges. 

Elevated roads, of which the first was built in 1876, are 
found in the boroughs of Manhattan, The Bronx, and Brooklyn. 
These were the earliest means of rapid travel in New York city. 
For five cents, one may travel from the Battery by way of 
Second or Third Avenue through Harlem, and well into The 
Bronx ; or, from the same starting point, by way of Sixth or 
Nintli avenues, to the Harlem River at 155th Street, where con- 
nections are made with railroad trains for the city limits and 
suburban towns. From the Manhattan end of the Brooklyn 
Bridge one may journey on the elevated road to Coney Island, 
to Ridgewood, or to Jamaica, and from the Manhattan end of the 
Williamsburg Bridge, another route to Jamaica and Ridgewood is 
open. The trains on the elevated roads are now operated by 
electricity. 

Surface cars on most lines are run by electricity, though in 
a few cases they are drawn by horses. A great network of 



76 



THE CIT^' OF ^'E\V YORK 




surface cars spreads over the city, making it possible for people to 

travel al^out with speed and convenience to all parts of the town. 
Subways. — Another means of transportation in the city of 

New^ York is the Subway, which connects the City Hall with Van 

Cortlandt Park, Bronx Park, 
and the most distant parts of 
Bronx Borough. Fourth 

Avenue, Lexington Avenue, 
Seventh Avenue, and Broad- 
way are traversed in this way. 
Early stkam fkkkvsoat. The Subway conucctiou with 

Queens Borough is made through a tunnel at 42d Street, and from 

Long Island City a branch runs through Brooklyn to the Eastern 

Parkway. From the City Hall 

the Subway tunnels the East 

River, Flatbush Avenue, and 

Eastern Parkway to the 

Brownsville section of Brook- 
lyn. The Manhattan end of 

the Williamsburg Bridge is 

connected with the Municipal 

Building, where the Fourth 

Avenue (Brooklyn) Subway F.nv.vr.ovT or thk pkkskxt timk. 

starts over the Manhattan Bridge for Coney Island. New York 
is connected by the Hudson River tunnels with three great rail- 
roads in New Jersey. 

Ferries, — As the boroughs of the city are separated mostly 
by bodies of water, the ferries, of which there are forty, do a 




TKANSPOllTATiO.N A^sD CUMMU^'iCATiUN 



/ I 



\ery important work. The oldest ferry in New York, dating 
hack to Dutch colonial times, is the present Fulton Ferry, con- 
necting Fulton Street, Manhattan, with Fulton Street, Brooklyn. 




Bhooklyn Briixsk. 



Bridges. — Finding tliat the ferries would soon be unable to 
carry the increasing crowds between New York and Brooklyn, 
the people of those cities decided to have a bridge, and, in 1870, 
the famous Brooklyn Bridge was 
built to span the East River. This 
remarkable structure was one of 
the world's wonders. Its entire 
length is over a mile, and the 
central span measures 1600 feet. 
Its floor at the highest point is 
135 feet from the river, so that 
sailing craft can manage to go 
under it easily. It has a road- 
way, a promenade, and tracks 
for elevated trains and surface 
cars. 



The Williamsburg Bridge 




^VlLLIA.MSliL KG BkIDGE. 



78 



THE CITi" OF NEW VOKK 



crosses the East River between Delancey Street, Manhattan, and 
South 5th Street, Brooklyn. Manhattan Bridge crosses the East 
River between Canal Street, Manhattan, and Nassau Street, 
Brooklyn. The Queensboro Bridge crosses the East River 
between 59tli Street, Manhattan, and Crescent Street, Queens. 
Hio-h Bridge, crossing the Harlem River at IToth Street, was 
built in 1842 to carry water from the Croton Aqueduct into 
Manhattan. Washington Bridge, a handsome structure supported 
by massive but graceful arches, connects West 181st Street with 
The Bronx. The Harlem River is crossed also by drawbridges. 




High Bridge. 



PUBLIC WORKS 

Water Works. — The water supply in Manhattan and The 
Bronx is drawn largely from the Croton River and from lakes 
in Putnam and Westchester counties. Immense dams have been 
built, wliich raise the water in some places over 100 feet. The 
water flows in great aqueducts to reservoirs in Central Park and 



rUJJLIC WORKS 



7U 



at Jerome Park. Thence it passes through iron mains laid under 
the surface of the streets. The higher portions of Manhattan are 
supplied from the High Bridge reservoir, and one at 97th Street 
and Ninth Avenue. Brooklyn is supplied mainly through the 
Ridgewood reservoir, from the streams and lakes of Long Island. 

The city of New York 
has grown so rapidly that 
tlie water supply has 
been taxed to its limit. 
To provide for future 
needs, a new system has 
been <?onstructed for 
bringing water from the 
Catskill Mountains. The 
Catskill aqueduct has a 
capacity of 500,000,000 
gallons a day, and the 
Ashokan reservoir, the largest in the system, once filled, could sup- 
ply the city for eight months without any water flowing into it. 

It is estimated that over 350,000,000 gallons of water are 
consumed daily in Manhattan and The Bronx, and 150,000,000 
in Brooklyn. All this water must in one form or another be dis- 
posed of, and for this purpose immense sewers or drains, some of 
them fifteen feet wide, extending under the streets of the city, 
back and forth and across some 2250 miles, carry off the waste 
and deposit it far out in the rivers. 

Streets and Driveways. — Different commissioners are ap- 
pointed to look after the opening of new streets and the closing 




Reservoik, HuiH Bridge. 



80 



TllK CITY OF :N'E\V YORK 




Washington Bridge and Harlem River Driveway. 



of old ones, to see that 
the streets are kept 
clean and free from 
snow, to build boule- 
vards (like the Riverside 
Drive in Manhattan, 
the Southern Boule- 
vard in The Bronx, and 
the Eastern Parkway in 
Brooklyn), speedways 
(like the Harlem River 
Driveway in Manhat- 
tan), and cycle paths (like that on the Ocean Parkway in Brook- 
lyn, extending from Prospect Park to Coney Island). 

Docks and Piers. — The docks and piers of New York city 
are controlled by one of the departments of the city government, 
which builds, repairs, 
and rents the wharves 
that line the shores of 
Manhattan and Brook- 
lyn. There are about 
230 piers in Manhat- 
tan and 60 in Brook- 
lyn. Along the Hud- 
son, north of 12th 
street, are piers of 
most of the great ocean 
liners, and below 12th driveway in central fakk. 




PARKS 



81 



Street are the river and coastwise steamers. Farther down the 

river the docks are mainly those of the ferries and freight Hnes. 

Extensive shipping is carried on also on both sides of the East 

River. At the foot of 

Canal Street the Ocean 

Steamship Company 

has a steam - heated 

wharf for the storage 

of southern fruit. A 

tour of the water front 

of New York city would 

be a trip of great value 

even to the city boy 

or girl. In such a 




PiKKS AND DdCKS, EAST RiVER. 



walk he might study 
many things of inter- 
est ; the names and nationalities of the ships painted at their 
sterns, the different cargoes loading and unloading, and the flags 
of the different nations afloat at the mastheads. 



PARKS 

The people of a busy commercial city whose lives are passed 
in the hurry and rush of exciting events, must find some means 
of refreshing body and mind. Foremost among these means are 
our parks, many of them in the very heart of the crowded city, 
where the people may enjoy open fields, green grass, and shaded 
walks, without having to go out into the country. The most 



82 



THE CITY OF XKW YORK 




View ix Central Park. 



famous of these city 
breathing places is Cen- 
tral Park, which lies 
almost m the center of 
Manhattan, extending 
in length from 59tli to 
110th streets, a distance 
of two and one half 
miles, and half a mile 
in width. Central Park 
has been in existence 

for nearly half a century. In the center of Brooklyn is Prospect 

Park, over half the size of Central Park, and scarcely less famous. 

Adjoining Prospect Park is what is known as the Parade Ground, 

where one may see thousands of 

men and boys playing baseball or 

football during the season. Each 

of these large parks has acres of 

beautiful meadow and W'Oodland, 

with miles of well-made, wide, 

and shaded driveways, and charm- 
ing paths across the fields, over 

hills, and through ravines. Each 

has a lake of several acres, on 

which are launches and rowboats 

in summer, and which, when 

frozen over in winter, are thrown 

open to thousands of skaters. Maryland Muxumext, prospect park. 




PAllKS 



83 




Each, too, is made more beautiful by the addition of many 

handsome stone arches and bridges, ornamental rustic houses, 

and monuments of bronze 

and of mar))le. Among 

the monuments in Central 

Park the most striking is 

the Egyptian obelisk, 

known as Cleopatra's Nee- 
dle, which was presented to 

the city by the Khedive of 

Egypt in 1877. It is about 

3500 years old, dating back 

before the time of Moses. 

In The Bronx there are e\tuan( k to pi!<)spk( t pakk. 

several parks, two of them. Van Cortlandt and Pelham Bay, 

much larger than Cen- 
tral Park, but as yet 
not fully developed. 
Van Cortlandt Park, in 
the western part of the 
Ijorough, is a beautiful 
forest of 1100 acres in 
which is located the old 
Van Cortlandt Manor 
House, now used as a 

View in Central Park, museum. BrOUX Park, 

which contains the botanical gardens, the zoological gardens, the 
famous rocking stone, and the Lorillard Mansion, bids fair to be 




84 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 




Van Cortlandt Manor House. 



the most beautiful of all, 
especially in the neighbor- 
hood of the Bronx River. 
Pelham Bay Park, twice 
the size of Central Park, is 
in the northeastern part of 
the borough, and stretches 
along by the Sound to 
the northern city limits. 
These three parks are con- 
nected by magnificent road- 
ways. 
In addition to the large parks, there are more than a hundred 

small parks or squares, each of only a few 

acres, yet scattered about in such a way that 

nearly every inhabitant has one of these open 

spots somewhere near his home. Of these. 

Union Square, Madison Square, Tompkins 

Square, Bowling Green, Stuyvesant Square — 

all in Manhattan — are perhaps the best known. 



PUBLIC SCHOOLS 

The history of education in New York city 
may be said to have begun when the first 
Dutch schoolmaster, Adam Roelandsen, set up 
his little school in New Amsterdam in 1633, 
and began to ring bells, comfort the sick, and 




Thk Obk.ijsk, 
Gentkal Park. 



rrijj.ic sc'iiuoi.s 



85 




A Nkw \i'KI< School Building, Brooklyn. 



take in washing to eke out a living. From tliis small beginning, 

our great school system of to-day lias grown, in which 850,000 

children attend the public 

schools in 600 different 

buildings where 20,000 

teachers do their daily 

work. In this vast system 

pupils from the kindergar- 
ten to the college are edu- 
cated at the expense of the 

city, and the money for this 

purpose is raised almost 

entirely by a tax on the 

property owners of the city. 

Some of the buildings used by the New York public schools 

are magnificent and pos- 
sess every advantage for 
the comfort and education 
of the school children. 
Many of them seat 3000 
children. 

In tlie public schools, 
besides the regular stud- 
ies, English, arithmetic, 
geography, history, etc., 
the girls are instructed in 

sewing, and wliere [)ossible, the girls learn cooking and the boys 

do (*arpentry work. 




A Class in Cakpknikn Work. 



86 



THE CITV OF XEU' YOEK 




Hall of the Board of Education. 



The High Schools, of 
which there are twent}- 
five, furnish a more com- 
plete education to those 
desiring it, and prepare 
many of their pupils for 
college. 

The College of the 
City of New York is free 
to the graduates of the city 
high schools, and Hunter 
College (formerly the New 
York City Normal College) offers the same privileges to girls. 
The elementary schools and the Jiigh schools are under the 
control of the Board of Education, wliose imposing building is 
located at 59th Street and Park Avenue, Manhattan. This 
Board, consisting of forty-six members, elects a City v^u- 
perintendent of Schools, 
whose duty it is to see that 
the laws of the Board are 
enforced. 

Summer schools and 
playgrounds are supported 
by the city for the chil- 
dren of the more crowd- 
ed sections ; and in the dif- 
ferent boroughs there are 
over a hundred evening 




A I A N 1 ,\ i-MNl, Li.( II ;.J. 



OTHKK IM r.LIC I NSTFTITJUNS 87 

schools, where men and \vomen, as well as working boys and 
girls, are given a chance to get an education. In many of the 
schools, public evening lectures on all subjects are given, which 
the parents of the pupils attend in large numbers. 



OTHER PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS 

Libraries. — New York city has many other means besides 
public schools and public lectures for the education of her citizens, 
and probably next in importance comes the vast system of public 
libraries. The efforts to provide free books for the reading 
public of the city has resulted in the union of five great sources, 
— the Astor Library, formerly in Lafayette Place, the Lenox 
Library, formerly on Fifth Avenue and 71st Street, the Tilden 
bequest, the former New York Free Circulating Library, and 
lastly the fund of over $5,000,000 given by Andrew Carnegie. 
The central building of the new library, which has branches in 
all the boroughs, is located on Fifth Avenue, extending from 40th 
to 42d streets, and it is one of the largest library buildings in the 
world. 

Museums. — The American Museum of Natural History 
occupies the long block on 77th Street, between Central Park 
and Columbus Avenue. This mammoth building, now only 
about one third complete, has a frontage of nearly one sixth of 
a mile,, and is a most imposing structure. Here may be seen a 
wonderful collection of stuffed birds and other animals, and 
many curious collections of fossils and mummies and relics of 
living and extinct nations and tribes. It would take years to 



8S 



THE CTTV OF NKW YOT^K 




The Museum of Natukal History. 



study carefully all that is here exhibited. Ijut even a single visit 

to it is very profitable. 

The Metropolitan Museum of Art is located in Central Park 

on the Fifth Avenue side, fronting on 82d Street. In it one may 

see the works of the greatest of the world's painters and 

sculptors, workings in 
brouze, famous histori- 
cal tapestries, vases, 
pottery, and porcelains. 
The Brooklyn In- 
stitute of Arts and 
Sciences, on the East- 
ei 11 Parkway, includes 
uuiseums, lecture and 
concert rooms, and a 

The Metropolitan Museum of Art. DOtaUlCal garden. 




OTIIKR I'UIJLIC INSTITUTIONS 



89 




The Botanical Gakden. 



The New York Botanical Garden occupies 250 acres of land in 
Bronx Park on the Harlem Railroad. The garden is being filled 
with hardy plants, 
both American and for- 
eign; the more delicate 
specimens of plants, 
not adapted to our cli- 
mate, are exhibited in- 
doors. Near by ' are 
the New York Zoolog- 
ical Gardens, where 
many varieties of birds and other animals are kept in immense 
cages, large enough for them to continue their accustomed habits 

of life. Ranges are 
made for buffaloes,, 
dens for wolves and 
bears, ponds for beaver, 
seals, and alligators, 
houses for monkeys, 
and for all kinds of 
reptiles. 

While making the 
round of the museums 
one must not fail to 
\dsit the New York 
Aquarium at Battery 
Park in the old immigrant building. Castle Garden. Here are 
found fishes from all the waters of the United States, and 




Thk Zoological Gardens. 



90 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 




the hundred and more 
tanks occupied by 
them furnish subjects 
for study and amuse- 
ment. 

Among the other 
free amusements for 
the people are the 





The Aquarium — Ikterior. 



Thp: A<,>rAi{ii'M — Ex i i 

Recreation Piers, immense 
halls built out over the 
entire length of some of 
the large piers on the 
rivers, where 
the people of 
the crowded 
districts may 
enjoy on the 

hot summer nights the breezes that blow over the 
river and the music which the city furnishes for 
their pleasure. 

Monuments. — To keep before the minds of our 
busy people the memory of great men who have 
died, many monuments have been erected 
throughout the city. There are statues of 
Columbus, Stuy vesant, Washington, Lafayette, 
Statue OF Nathan Hale. Franklin, Webstcr, Lincolu, Grant, Shake- 



OTHER ru HLIC INSTITUTIONS 



91 




The Washington Arch. 



speare, Irving, Scott, Morse, and 
man yotlier famous soldiers, states- 
men, authors, and inventors. The 
Washington Arch, at the foot 
of Fifth Avenue on Washington 
Square, was erected soon after the 
centennial celebration of Wash- 
ington's inaugural. 

Charities. — An important 
branch of the city government, 
established to protect the health of 
the poorer classes, is the Depart- 
ment of Public Charities, which 
provides stations where patients 

may be treated for disease or undergo operations. 

The Navy Yard of the United States is located at the head of 

Wall about Bay on the 

East River, in Brooklyn. 

The immense grounds, 

covering nearly 150 

acres, present many 

interesting sights. 

Among them are can- 
non and trophies of 

many wars. The stone 

dry-docks, capable of 

launching a first-class 

battle ship, are of spe- entrance to the navy yard. 




92 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 




Nkw Vork Post Office. Manhattan. 



cial interest. Many 
vessels of the navy 
are stationed here 
at different times, 
and may be boarded 
by visitors by per- 
mit from their cap- 
tains. The yard was 
fonnded in 1801, 
and is under the control of one of the rear admirals of the navy. 
Baths. — Many public baths are located along the river fronts. 
During the summer months the daily average of bathers is 
100,000, who are thus enabled to enjoy the benefits of salt-water 
bathing without expense. 

Public Buildings. — The New York Post Office building, com- 
pleted in 1014, is on Eighth Ave- 
nue, 31st and 33d streets. This 
office has many stations and sub- 
stations scattered throughout 
Manhattan and The Bronx, and 
handles millions of letters a day. 
There are departments for the 
care of city mail, domestic mail, 
foreign mail, registered letters, 
parcel post, and special delivery 
letters, i^'everal mails are dis- 
tributed daily, and several collec- 
tions are made from the thousands iskooklyn Post offkk. 



I 




OTHER PI I'.I.IC INS'IMTI'TIONS 



93 



of letter boxes along the streets. The Brooklyn Post Office oc- 
cupies a line, large building at the corner of Washington and 
Johnson streets. With its stations and substations, the service 
is as good as that in 
Manhattan. The other 
boroughs are also pro- 
vided with post offices 
In the City Hall 
Park, between Broad- 
way and the Brooklyn 
Bridge, is the old City 
Hall, one of the best 
examples of early 



City Hall. 

nineteenth-century archi- 
tecture to be found in the 
state. In this building 
are the offices of the 
mayor, the Board of Al- 
dermen, and the Board of 
Estimate and Apportion- 
ment. Near by are the 
County Court House, the 

of Records, and the lofty Municipal Building, completed in 
In the Municipal Building are the offices of the heads of 

of the city departments, and of the borougli officials. 





Brooklyn Borou(jh Hall. 



Hall 
1913 
most 



94 



THE r]Ty OF NEW YORK 



The former Cit}' Hall of Brooklyn, now known as the Brook 
lyn Borough Hall, is located in the triangle l)ounded by Fulton, 
Joralemon, and Court streets. This fine, white marble building 
faces a well-kept small park, and contains the offices of the 
borough president, and of the other borough officers. The County 
Court House is near by. 

The State Arsenal, used for the storage of arms and ammu- 
nition, is located at the corner of Seventh Avenue and 3-jth 

Street, Manhattan. The city 
has eighteen armories which 
the various regiments of the na- 
tional guard, the signal corps, 
squads of cavalry, etc. , use for 
meetings, drill, and storage of 
arms and ammunition. The 
national guard is composed of 
enlisted citizens, who may be 
called out to quell riots or to 
defend the country. The finest armories in the city are those 
of the 7th, 22d, and 71st regiments of Manhattan, and of the 
13th and 23d regiments, and Troop C of Brooklyn. 

Police. — For the purpose of preserving law and order and 
for the protection of life and property, New York has established 
one of the best police departments in the world. There are about 
13,000 uniformed police on the force, and the system is divided 
into eighty-seven precincts, with a captain in command of each. 
The Central Police Office is at Centre and Broome streets, Man- 
hattan, where the chief of police makes his headquarters. 




Armory of the V2th Regiment. 



GliEAT .MEKCANTll.E CONCERNS 



95 



GREAT MERCANTILE CONCERNS 

From the very beginning of cities and large communities, the 
(lift'erent trades, or as they were once called, the guilds, lived in 
localities by themselves. This was tru^ in the old Dutch Colony 
days in New Amsterdam, where different trades located in partic- 
ular streets, that took 
their names from the 
trade or occupation of 
the dwellers in it. 

This grouping of 
occupations, the growth 
of nearly three centu- 
ries in New York city, 
is also true of the great 
mercantile concerns of 
to-da}', especially in the 
borough of Manhattan. 
For example, the great 
wholesale dry-goods houses are along and about Broadway, be- 
tween Prince and Reade streets. This district of about 135 
acres is said to have stored in it a larger amount of merchandise 
than can be foimd within an equal area anywhere else in the 
world. 

On the east side of Manhattan, south of the Brooklyn Bridge, 
is the district known as the " Swamp," which is the center of 
the trade in hides and leather. 

In and near Maiden Lane is the wholesale jewelry district, 




Lower Broadway. 



96 



THE CITV OF NEW YORK 



while up town are the fashionable retail shops, in which are dis- 
played rich collections of precious stones and metals. 

Along Fifth Ave- 
nue below 42d Street 
are most of the im- 
portant book and 
magazine publishing 
concerns. 

Most of the o;reat 
newspaper offices are 
grouped in Park Row, 
near the City Hall, 
in what is known 
as Printing House 
Square, in the center 
of which stands a 
statue of Benjamin 
Franklin, the greatest 
of all printers. 

Other districts are 
especially devoted to 
the sale of cutlery 
and hardware, of fur- 
niture, of clothing, of 
automobiles, etc. 
While retail shops of all kinds are to be found throughout 
the city, there are certain (central localities where have grown ii]) 
what we call ''department stores." These concerns, occupying 




WooLwoKTH Building, Municipal Building, and 
Park Row. 



(;im<:at MKiicAN'rii.K conckiins 




Hki;ali) StjuvRE and Intkrskction of 1!kuaj)\\ av and Sixiu Avkm i;. 



buildings of many floors and immense area, sell mider a single 
roof almost any line of articles yon could imagine — dress goods, 
jewelry, hardware, furniture, groceries, and even meats and fish. 
In Manhattan there are great department stores on Broadway, 
I'iftli, and vSixth avenues. The main department-store district of 
Brooklyn is centered on Fulton Sti'eet below Flatbush Avenue. 

Most of the goods which we have considered are staple 
articles which may be kept in stock for a long time, but much 
of our food, such as vegetables, fruits, and fresh meat, has to be 



98 



THE CITY OF NEW YOUK 



brought to the city daily in fresh supply. The retail grocer ur 
butcher goes every morning to one of the markets where he buys 

his day's supply for his 
local trade. There are a 
number of these markets, 
the chief of ^vhich is Wash- 
ington Market, located in 
lower Manhattan, where 
more business is carried 
on than in all the others 
combined. In Brooklyn, 
by far the most important 
market is the Wallabout, 
which occupies a convenient location on Wallabout Bay, and in 
its blocks of stores constitutes a little village of its own. 




Wallabout Market. 



FINANCIAL CONCERNS 

In any great city it is necessary that business should be car- 
ried on quickly and easily, and those concerns that help in this 
respect are very important. There are the regular business banks 
where the business man deposits his money. By doing this he is 
able to pay his bills by writing" checks," which are simply orders 
to the bank to pay out a part or all of the money lie has de- 
posited there. This is easier and more convenient than keepuig 
large amounts of money on hand. These same banks, too, loan 
money to the business man when he wishes to buy quantities of 
goods and cannot pay for them until after he has sold them. 



FINANCIAL CONCERNS 



99 




Brooklyn Savings Bank. 



There are many of these banks 

in New York city, and some 

of them are housed in very 

handsome buildings. 

Besides this kind of bank 

there are Savings Banks, where 

people of limited means may 

deposit their money, and by 

leaving it with the bank for 

months at a time earn interest 

money on it. 

There are so many banks 

in New York that they have 

what is known as a Clearing 

House where the messengers from the different banks meet daily 

to exchange the checks which their banks have received and 

cashed for one another. The Clearing House is located in a 

substantial building on 
Cedar Street, the chief 
feature of which are the 
three wonderful vaults or 
safes which it contains. 
These safes are of great 
size and strength, and are 
provided with a most re- 
markable system of pro- 
tection against fire and 

BowKKY Savings Bank. , burglary. 




00 



THE ClTiT OF NEW YUllK 



Wall Street is known the world over as the financial center 
of the United States. On the corner of Broad Street is the new 

building of the Stock Ex- 
change. It is in this 



exchange that the stocks 
of the great railroad, 
steamboat, and manufac- 
turing companies are 
bought and sold — mil- 
lions of dollars worth every 
day. In and about Wall 
Street are many banks and 
the offices of brokers who 
act as agents for people 
On the street is the granite 




A Bank Vault. 



who wish to sell or buy stocks, 
building of the United States Subtreasm-y, where millions of 
dollars are stored. It was in the old Federal Hall which formerly 
stood here, that Washing- 
ton was inaugurated first 
President of the United 
States, and a statue of 
Washington in front of the 
present building commem- 
orates the event. 

For many hours in the 
day this Wall Street dis- 
trict is in a feverish excite- 
ment of business bustle w.vll stkket. 




MA.NUFACTinilNG CU^^CEU^S lOl 

and worry. It is only as you look at the stately old Trinity 
Church at the head of the street, with its peaceful graveyard and 
its memories of two Inmdred years, that one is reminded that 
life is not all money getting. 

MANUFACTURINCx CONCERNS 

The city of New York is by far the greatest manufacturing 
center of the United States. It pi'oduces more than one half of 
the manufactures of the state and more than one tenth of those 
of the entire United States. New York and Pennsylvania are 
the only states in the Union whose manufactures are as extensive 
as those of this one great city. A total of 26,000 manufacturing 
concerns gives employment to over half a million people. Even 
on Broadway, which at first sight seems to be devoted entirely to 
commerce, an immense amount of manufacturing, especially of 
clothing, is carried on. This is the leading product of the city, 
and clothing is made to the value of half a billion dollars 
annually. When we stop to consider that 125,00^0 persons are 
engaged in this line of work, we can begin to get an idea of its 
importance. Workmen of all grades are employed, from the 
hajf-starved. poorly paid toilers in the East side sweat shops to 
the most fashionable of Fifth Avenue tailors. There are in the 
city several large hat factories, the greatest of which are in the 
borough of Brooklyn. 

Next in importance to the clothing industry is the refining of 
susrar and molasses. Immense leiineries are located along the 
East liiver front in Brookl\ii. where boats laden witli ci-ude cane 



102 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 




Sugar Refineries, Brooklyn. 

sugar from the far south deposit their cargoes. Here it is boiled 
in immense pans, and thousands of barrels of sugar ready for use 
are produced daily. Seven eighths of the city's refining is done 
in Brooklyn. 

The printing and publishing of books, magazines, and news- 
papers is one of the main industries, and in it New York leads the 

cities of the United States. 
Some factories make a 
special business of setting 
up the type and making 
the plates from which 
books are printed ; others 
do only the press work ; 
others only bind books ; 
while some concerns carry on the whole operation from the type 
to the printed and bound book. All the leading newspaper offices 
do their own printing, using presses, into one end of wliieli is fed 




A Newspaper Press. 



FACTOUS J^ETiaiMlNl^'G TUULIO IMPROVEMENTS 103 

paper in large rolls, and from the other end of which are sent out 
the finislied newspaper of a dozen or more pages, all folded and 
even counted, ready for selling to the newsdealers. 

There are gas plants in which gas is manufactured for light- 
ing, heating, and cooking, and sent out by pipes into residences 
and other buildings to a distance of many miles. 

Foundries, cigar factories, breweries, machine shops, bakeries, 
carpenter shops, coffee and spice grinding mills, and many other 
concerns, are to be found in large numbers, and often occupying 
buildings of immense size. 

Many of the large manufacturing concerns are located on the 
water front, where the work is more easily carried on because 
scows may land at their very doors, to bring coal for their great 
furnaces and to carry off ashes, to land raw materials and to take 
away the finished manufactures. 

LEADING FACTORS DETERMINING PUBLIC 
IMPROVEMENTS 

The public improvements of our city are of such magnitude 
as to lead us to inquire further into the causes that have deter- 
mined them. The situation and physical features of the several 
lioroughs are so entirely different, that different methods have to 
be followed in planning improvements. In Manhattan, whose 
shape is long and narrow, avenues have been laid out running in 
many cases parallel to the greatest length of Manhattan Island. 
Madison, Lexington, and the numbered avenues are straight 
roads, each of them several miles in length. Except in the 



104 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 



lower part of the bor(jugli and in a few sections settled before the 
rapid growth of the city really began, most of the cross streets 
are known by numbers and run at right angles to the avenues. 

This makes it very 
easy to find most places 
in Manhattan, and it 
determines the loca- 
tion and direction of 
the main lines of trans- 
portation. 

In Brooklyn, fan- 
like in shape ana 




(■..p.vri_'lit. I'.HKi. hy Diiicit Photographic Co. 



IMi'i.p.p;rry Bend, bkfork Im- 
provements WERE MADE. 

formed by the union of 
many growing villages, 
we find a very different 
arrangement of streets. 
In fact, the original 
cow paths, lanes, and 
roads, irregular and 
crooked, form the be- 
ginnings of many of 




Mulberry Bend at the Present Time. 



the important streets. Brooklyn therefore is much more difficult 
to travel around in, and its shape requires many intersecting 
car-lines. 



NEW YUKK llAKKOli 105 

The streets in both Manhattan and Brooklyn have been laid 
out in regular order by squares whenever this has been possible, 
and the tearing down of rows of wretched old buildings, irregu- 
larly located, has given room for new small parks. One of the 
most noted instances of this kind of improvement is the Mul 
berry Bend Park, in lower Manhattan. The Building Department 
of the city has condemned buildings in many other overcrowded 
sections. 

The ferries, of which we have spoken, are made necessary 
of course by the fact that the boroughs are largely surrounded by 
water. Bridges came about naturally when the ferries were 
unable to handle the rapidly increasing traffic. 

The increase in wealth and population of our city has made 
possible the building of the immense libraries, museums, and 
schools for the education of the people, and has made not only 
possible, but necessary, the system of water supply, drainage, 
and the other comforts and luxuries that we find necessary 
to our life of to-day. 

NEW YORK HARBOR 

New York Harbor, one of the largest and most beautiful 
in the world, excites the wonder and admiration of all strangers 
who gaze upon its beauties for the first time. As it has been 
a very important factor in the growth of the city, we will 
devote a space to the study of its most interesting featm^es. 
The harbor consists of the Lower Bay, outside of the Narrows ; 
the Upper Bay, from the jimction of the Hudson and East 



lOG 



THE CITY OF NEW YUKK 




NoKTH FROM Brooklyn Bribge. 



rivers to the Narrows ; the lower Hudson, and the East River. The 
Lower Bay, in which there are nearly 100 square miles of anchor- 
age, includes Raritan Bay, Sandy Hook Bay, and Jamaica Bay. 

Two channels near 

Sandy Hook give en- 
trance into the Lower 
Bay to vessels from 
the Ocean. The great 
International Yacht 
Races are held here. 
The Upper Bay 
may be entered from 
the ocean in three ways, — through the narrow straits on the 
western and northern sides of Staten Island ; through Long Island 
Sound and the East 
River ; and through 
the Narrows from the 
Lower Bay. The Staten 
Island entrance is nar- 
row and cannot be 
used by heavy vessels, 
and the East River is 
turbulent and treach- 
erous, so that most 
vessels enter by way 

of the Narrows, which south from Brooklyn Bridge. 

is guarded by Forts Wadsworth and Tompkins on the Staten 
Island side and Fort Hamilton on the Long Island shore. 




NEW ^■()K'K IIAIv'l'.Oi; 



07 



The entrance to the East Kiver from the Sound is pro- 
tected by Fort Schuyler, located on a long peninsula called 
Throgs Neck, and by the fort at Willetts Point on the other 
side of the river. Five miles farther on are North Brother and 
South Brother islands, on the former of which smallpox patients 
are quarantined. A beautiful sail of a mile or so brings us to 
Randalls Island where are located schools, hospitals, and a House 
of Refuge for children. Just south of Randalls is Wards Island, 
which contains the city hospital for the insane. Blackwells 




Blackwells Island. 



Island farther south is a long, narrow strip of land, on which are 
many buildings, used mostly as prisons and erected by convict 
labor. The island, in spite of the gloomy uses to which it is put, 
is beautiful in appearance, especially in summer. 

In the Upper Bay are located Governors, Bedloes, and Ellis 
islands, that look at a distance like little green dots in the glisten- 
ing bay. All these islands belong to the United States govern- 
ment. Governors Island, with an area of one hundred seventy- 
three acres, contains a fort and is beautifully laid out with trees 
and walks. A parade ground is used by the troops quartered here. 
Here also is fired the " sunset gun." Ellis Island is now used as 
the landing place of immigrants to New York. Castle Garden 



108 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 



near the Battery was formerly used for this purpose. On Bedloes, 
or Liberty Island, is located the famous Bartholdi Statue, pre- 
sented by the people of France to the United States in 1886. This 
magnificent figure of Liberty Enlightening the World is a bronze 

statue 150 feet high and 
located on a pedestal as high 
as the figure itself. Espe- 
cially at night, when the 
torch in the hand of the 
figure gives forth its bril- 
liant light, it may be seen 
for miles around, a fitting 
symbol of the giant city, 
that in its growth of three centuries has witnessed the struggles 
of brave men for liberty of speech and liberty of action. 

Having now studied the metropolis as it is to-day, we will 
look back and see how it grew from the little settlement of New 
Amsterdam into the imperial city of New York. 



^ 


\l m^^A. 


jir«- m»iaa0saML^ f '■ 


■HMdHKIkr^ 



Liberty Island. 



LOCAL HISTORY 

Discovery. — Over three centuries have passed since Henry 
Hudson, on his famous cruise along the eastern coast of Amer- 
ica, first gazed upon the wild region where the greatest city 
of the Western World now stands. As he sailed through the 
Narrows into the Bay there rose before him a beautiful island, 
forest-covered and crossed by streams that flowed, some to the 
left into a mighty river, and some to the right into a wave-tossed 



LOCAL lUSTOllY 



lO'J 




Henry Httdson. 



strait. Behind him a range of protecting hills that seemed to 
extend from the Jersey shore appioaclied so close to Long Island 
that they formed an excellent harbor. 

It was on September 12, 16 09, that 
Hudson with his crew of the Half Moon 
sailed past Manhattan Island and the 
Palisades, and began his trip up the river 
beyond the Highlands to the site of Al- 
bany. Upon Hudson's return to Holland, 
Hendrick Christiansen and Adrian Block, 
stirred by his accounts, soon after fitted 
out trading-ships and came to this coun- 
try. Others followed, until the fur trade with the Indians be- 
came an important Dutch industry. A fort was erected in 
1613 at the very southern point of Manhattan Island. This 

^.^^ was not only a fur depot 
py^J 1,1^ j f ' but a point from w^hich the 
exploring and trading expe- 
ditions started along the 
coast. Thus early we see 
that Europeans were drawn 
to New York mainly for 
purposes of trade. A ware- 
house, protected hy a fort, 
was built at Albany in the 
year 1614, and the United 
New Netherlands Company thus began the work that later 
changed the little colony into the Empire State. 




Thk Half Moon on the Hudson. 



110 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 

First Settlements. — It was nearly ten years later, in May. 
1623, that the good ship, Neio Netherlands, brought a number 
of colonists to this country. Most of them were Walloons, people 
of Holland whose fathers had fled from France on account of 
religious troubles. Eight of these thirty families remained at the 
fort and settled the village of New Amsterdam, the beginning of 
New York city ; others settled in Albany, New Jersey, and Con- 
necticut, while a few crossed the East River, and, at Wallabout, 
where the Brooklyn Navy Yard is now located, built up a little 
settlement, which, however, disappeared soon after. The first 
permanent settlement on Long Island was made thirteen years 
later at New Amersfoort, afterward called Flatlands. 

Flatbush. — One of the most interesting of the former Dutch 
towns within the present limits of New York city is Flatbush, set- 
tled just before the middle of the seventeenth century, and known 
as Midwout by the early Dutch. As long ago as 1654 it had a 
church where the settlers came for worship from Amersfoort, 
from New Utrecht, and from Brooklyn, then a mere hamlet near 
the site of the present borough hall. It now comprises many 
acres in Brooklyn, east and south of Prospect Park, where in 
certain sections are still to be found some very old houses of the 
Dutch style. 

Peter Minuit. — For nearly forty years the Dutch West India 
Company sent out governors to manage the affairs of the colony. 
The first of these was Director General Peter Minuit, who arrived 
at New Amsterdam in 1626. He was a shrewd merchant and was 
very successful in directing the trade of the colony. But by fai* 
the greatest bargain that he made, and probably the most re- 



LOCAL HISTORY 



111 



^1^ 






f^*^^ 


ir^*"*l 



Purchase of Manhattan Island. 



markable real-estate transaction in history, was the purchase of 

the island from the Manhattan Indians for twenty-four dollars' 

worth of beads and 

trinkets. And the 

strangest part of it is 

that both Dutch and 

Indians were probably 

equally sure tliat they 

had the better of the 

bargain. During the 

six years of Minuit's 

rule the coasting trade 

became a great in- 
dustry, and the town rapidly increased in wealth and prosperity. 
Peter Stuyvesant. — Governors Van Twiller and Kieft, the 

successors of Minuit, managed affairs so badly that in 1647 Peter 
Stuyvesant was sent over by the company to 
straighten out matters. He was the last and the 
greatest of the Dutch governors, a very strict 
ruler, and a very just man, according to his own 
ideas of right and wrong. His idea of right was 
to serve his employers, the Dutch West India 
Company, no matter what the colonists wanted 
or deserved. The people, not getting their rights 

from Stuyvesant, appealed to the company, and succeeded, in 

1653, in getting a city charter. This charter gave them the right 

to govern themselves through officers — called burgomasters and 

schepens — selected from the citizens of the town. Although 




Peter Stuyvesant. 



ill^ 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 



Governor Stuyvesant kept the reins of power in his own hands 
by appointing the officers from his own circle of friends, a step 
had been taken in the right direction — New Amsterdam had 
become a city. 

In his dealing with the Indians, Governor Stuyvesant showed 
great courage and common sense, and through his wise efforts 
in this direction, the colony grew much stronger and better 
able to defend itself a^-ainst attack. 




New Amsterdam in 1656. 

The English for many years had claimed this region by 
right of the discoveries of the Cabots. Taking advantage of 
the discontent of the Dutch under Stuyvesant, they sent Colonel 
Nichols with a fleet to demand the surrender of New Netherlands. 
It was found that most of the Dutch were glad to yield, and in 
spite of the angry protest of Stuyvesant, the sm-render of the 
fort and city of New Amsterdam was made on September 8, 1664, 
the control of New Netherlands was quietly transferred to the 
English, and New Amsterdam became New York. 

After the surrender Stuyvesant went to Holland, where he 
remained a short time. Upon his return to New York he re- 
tired to his ^* bouwerie," or farm, which covered a large tract 



LOCAL HISTORY 



113 




Stuyvesant's House on the Bowery. 



uf land extending from the present Fourili Avenue to the 
East River, in the neighborhood of 14th Street. Here the 
doughty old governor passed the 
rest of his life in peace and hap- 
piness. He died in 1G72 at the 
age of eighty, and lies buried in 
the vaults of Saint Mark's Church 
on 10th Street and Second Ave- 
nue, where, among the monu- 
ments of many great men, there 
is a tablet to his memory. 

New York in 1664. — A 
strange picture indeed this quaint little town of New Amsterdam 
makes in the background of our city's history. At its north- 
ern extremity a wall, built to 
keep out the English and the 
Indians, extended from river to 
river. At the eastern end was 
the Water Gate, and at the west- 
ern, end stood the City Gate, de- 
fended by a blockhouse and a 
little half-moon battery of two 
guns. This wall was made of 
twelve-foot logs, embedded three 
feet deep in the earth, and strengthened here and there by towers 
and blockhouses. Inside of the wall, to the south, were a ditch, 
a rampart, and a broad lane, now known as Wall Street, bordered 
by the rude cabins of the lowest class of the people. The princi- 




The Old Wall. 



114 



THE CI 



'ATY\- 



OF KEW YORK 




pal sti^eet of the citv was De II cere Straat, now Broadway, which 

extended to the wall from the Bowling Green. 

Bowling Green is one of the most interesting landmarks of 

the city. It was laid out early in the history of New Amster- 
dam as a common or 
meeting ground for 
the people. Here oc- 
curred the marketing, 
the signing of trea- 
ties with the Indians, 
the parades of the 
military, and the cele- 
^^^^^ bration of victories. 

FiowLixG Gkkkn in Dutch Times. 

Here the boys and girls 
met for play, and on a 
summer afternoon even 
the quiet and dignified 
burghers indulged in their 
favorite game of " bowls." 
It continued to be a fash- 
ionable promenade for 200 
years, and in spite of all the 
changes that have taken 
place in the city, the Bowling Green remains a public park to 
this day. In the old days one could step from the grassy walks 
of the Green into the inclosure of the little fort, within which 




Coinri^lit, I'.iihj, by Oetroit Pliotographic Co. 

BOWLIXO (ilJEKN AT PRESENT. 



LOCAL HISTORY 



115 




The Fokt in 1664. 



were the governor's 

inausion, the jail, and 

the stone church. 

East from the fort, 

a road known as the 

Bridge Street led to 

the bridge across the 

principal canal which 

flowed along what is 

now Broad Street. On 

the other side of the 

canal this road became the High Street and ran north to the wall 

at the Water Gate. Here began the river road to the Long 

Island Ferry, which 
was located at the 
present Pecks Slip. 

The entire city 
then, in 1664, lay 
south of the present 
Wall Street. It con- 
tained some 250 
house? and had a pop- 
ulation of about 1400. 
The Bowery. — It was in 1660 that the Indians caused so 

much trouble that the people living outside the city limits were 

directed either to come within the wall or to assemble in a 

villatro. This led to the formation of a little settlement called 

the " Bowery" near the present location of loth Street and Third 




Broad Strket, 1664. 



116 



THE CITY OF NEW YORK 




Avenue, not far from Stnyvesant's country house. A lane con- 
necting the settlement with the city was also known as the 
Bowery on accoimt of the bouweries or farms that dotted . its 
length. Just below Canal Street was the famous Bull Head 

Tavern, managed during 
the Revolution by Rich- 
ard Varian, a famous host. 
On the site of the old 
tavern was erected in 1826 
the fashionable Bowery 
Theater, rebuilt in 1806 

The Bowery Seventy Years 
Ago. 

and known later as 
the Thalia. The Bow- 
ery's history is one of 
great clianges. Begin- 
ning as a forest road, it 
became a country lane 
and then a village 
street ; later, a broad 
avenue, the fashiona- 
ble driveway and shop- 
ping district of sixty years ago. To-day, with its four tracks of 
cars, its elevated roads, its numerous cheap stores and places of 
amusement, it presents a scene busier than ever, perhaps, but 
in sad contrast to its appearance of years ago. 




The Bowery at Present. 



LOCAL HISTORY 



117 




Harlem. — In 1661, the road that extended from New Amster- 
dam out through the Bowery to the little village of Harlem, 
just established on the bank of the East River, was little more 
than a forest path. For nearly two centuries the only direct 
approach to Harlem 
was along this forest 
road, and the growth 
of the village was of 
course very slow. To- 
day Harlem is a part 
of New York city. It 
has a splendid system 

Oli> 11ai:i.i:.m. 

of broad streets and 
avenues, and contains 
many elegant public 
and private buildings, 
and important manu- 
facturing and mer- 
cantile concerns. Its 
population would 
make it, by itself, a 
city of the first rank. 
Dutch Customs and Industries. — New Amsterdam, as we 
have seen, was mainly a commercial city ; but on account of its 
distance from large manufacturing centers, it was necessary that 
its citizens should make many of the articles whicli were needed 




Harlem at Fkksknt — 125th Sthkkt, Manhattan. 



118 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 

for daily use — so we find all the trades flourishing; and fre- 
quent mention is made in the early records of brewers, bakers, 
butchers, carpenters, glass makers, coopers, tailors, etc. Dairy 
and farm products were brought in from the Long Island farms, 
but each citizen had his own little garden alongside his house, 
where he raised many of the necessities of life. 

The shop of the tradesman was generally on the lower floor 
of his house. We hear of one great department store owned by 
Cornells Steenwyck, where shopping in all lines could be done. 
It occupied the second floor of the owner's fine house on Bridge 
Street, and offered bargains in meats and groceries, hardware, 
cloths, silks, and "notions." 

The tavern' keepers, of whom Martin Cregier, of No. 11 
Broadway, was the most famous, did a thriving business. Daring 
adventurers penetrated far into the interior to trade with the 
Indians, bartering worthless trinkets for valuable furs. The 
coast trade brought the burghers of New Amsterdam into con- 
tact with Massachusetts on the north, and Virginia on the 
south, and enabled them to exchange with the English colonists. 
But by far the greatest and richest of the New Amsterdam in- 
dustries were its shipping and foreign trade. Their ocean vessels 
imported hardware and dry goods from Holland, sugar and 
molasses from the Barbadoes, dyestuflls and fruits from Cura^oa, 
and numerous other articles from distant foreign ports. 

The old-fashioned Dutch house was built with the gable end 
facing the street, and the front was generally of stone. The 
houses of the better class, with their large rooms, sanded floors, 
and heavy furnishings, were very comfortable and even elegant. 



LOCAL HiSTOllV 



119 



There were, however, on the outskirts iii;iriy very cheap and 
wretched houses, made of wood, the front yards often serving as 
hogpens. The average monthly rental of the New Amsterdam 
house was about ^1.25. 

The Dutch as a class were very hospitable and enjoyed the 
good things of life with their friends. Our merry Santa Glaus 
celebration at Christmas, our 
New Year's calling, and our 
coloring of Easter eggs are all 
inherited from the Dutch of New 
Amsterdam. 

New York under the English. 
— When the colonists in 1664 
yielded the control of their gov- 
ernment to the English, it was 
with the hope that they would 
enjoy greater freedom under 
their new rulers. There was 
some improvement, to be sure, 
but it did not come without a 
continued struggle to secure their 
rights from the English kings and their governors in New York. 

In 1689, the lower class of the people rose in rebellion against 
the city government, seized the fort with the aid of the militia, 
and placed Captain Jacob Leisler in power, as governor. Leisler 
ruled wisely at first, but as he gained in power, he began to op- 
press the people, throwing some into prison, depriving others of 
life and propeT-ty, and insulting in the most violent way all who 




Old Dutch Houses. 



120 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 

were oi)posed to him. Many complaints against liim were made 
to the English king, and Governor Sloughter, after a long delay, 
was sent over to take command of the colony. Leisler at first 
refused to yield, but was finally arrested and tried for treason, 
of which he was found guilty. He was executed, and peace was 
restored to the city that had suffered his misrule for nearly two 
years. 

In the latter part of the seventeenth century the ocean was 
infested with swarms of pirates, who attacked trading vessels, 
robbed and murdered their crews, and then boldly returned to 
New York to boast of their exploits. Lord Bellomont, the new 
governor, was ordered to suppress them. He fitted out a man- 
of-war and selected for its captain, William Kidd, a respectable 
resident of Crown Street (now Liberty), with orders to sail 
against these sea robbers. 

The governor's choice of Kidd was unfortunate, for within 
a year this respectable gentleman ran up the black flag and de- 
clared himself a pirate. In this career he was very successful, 
and the story of his evil deeds soon spread throughout the world. 
It is said that he buried immense quantities of gold which many 
foolish people have sought for to this day, but in vain. After a 
rather brief career of murder and robbery, he was captured and 
sent to England for trial. His execution followed without waste 
of time. 

In 1725 occurred a most important event in the history of 
the city — the founding, by William Bradford, of the first New 
York new^spaper, the Weekly Gazette. As this paper took the 
side of the governor in all his disputes with the people, the 



LOCAL HISTORY 



121 



people naturally felt the need of a paper of their own. This 
paper, the New York Weekly Journal, was started in 1734 by 
Peter Zenger, a pupil of Bradford. The Journal began with the 
Gazette that fierce newspaper war which is still going on, though 
less bitterly, in New York city to-day. But Zenger was not 
satisfied with fighting the Gazette only — he attacked the gov- 
ernor, the mayor, and others in authority, for which he was 
brought to trial. The result was a glorious victory for the 




Shipping in New York Harbor, about 1776. 

people, for Zenger was acquitted and the papers won the right, 
for all time, to discuss freely any public question. Since that 
time the press has been of great service in guarding the liberties 
of the people. 

And so the struggle for liberty went on, the people fighting 
stubbornly against all kinds of setbacks and obstacles, until in 
1776 they felt that they Avere strong enough to stand up in 
bold and open defiance of their oppressors, and to claim in full 
that for which they had been struggling for over a hundred 
years — liberty to think, to act, and to govern themselves as a 
free and independent people. 



122 



THE CITY OF NEW YOKK 



At the very outset of the Revokition disaster came to oui' 
city. The British were victorious in the bloody battle of Long 
Island, so that Washington and his army were compelled to give 
up New York city, which remained under British control for 
seven years. Not long after Washington had retreated, a terrible 

fire swept over the city, and 



fully 500 houses were laid in 
ruins. 

Trinity Church. — In its 
mad rush this fire completely 
destroyed Trinity Church, 
which stood on Broadway 
at the head of Wall Street. 
This famous church had been 
built in 1697, when the Eng- 
lish Episcopalians wished a 
better place of worship than 
the old stone church in the 
fort. It was not rebuilt un- 

ToMB OF Alexander Hamilton. til after the War. The pres- 

ent building was erected in 1846. In the churchyard are 
many tombstones dating back to the time of the first church. 
Alexander Hamilton, New York's greatest statesman, lies buried 
there. 

St. PauPs. — Trinity Church exercised from the start a 
great influence in New York city, and its power has continued 
to increase. To-day it has a number of chapels or branches 
scattered throughout the town. The most famous of these is 




LOCAL H18T0KY 



123 




St. Paul's, built in 1764, on the upper end of 

the land belonging to Trinity, and now the 

oldest church building on Manhattan Island. 

An added interest is given to St. Paul's 

from the fact that Washington worshiped 

there when President of the United States. 
Fraunces' Tavern. — Prominent among 

our relics of the past is the old tavern of 

Sam Fraunces, " Black Sam," a patriot of 

the Revolution. This old hostelry, built in 

1730, still stands at the corner of Broad 

and Pearl streets. It was in 1762 that 

Fraunces became the proprietor, and from 

that time until 1776, when the British got 

control of the city, the tavern was a favor- 
ite resort of those patriots who were combining in the cause of 

American liberty. In its famous " Long Room," Washington 

dined that glorious November day 
in 1783, when at the head of his 
army he took possession of the 
city and saw the last of the Brit- 
ish soldiers leave our shores. In 
this room also occurred the final 
scene of the Revolution — Wash- 
ington's affecting farewell to the 
brave officers who had toiled and 
suffered with him through the 
Fraunces' Tavern. dark days of that gloomy war. 



Oi>D St. Paul's. 




124 THE CITY OF NEW YORK 

It is interesting to note that the building was purchased in 
1904 by the Society of the Sons of the Revohitiou, many of 
whose members are descended from the very officers who were 
present at the farewell. By this society the old tavern is now 
preserved as an historical museum — a constant reminder of the 
time when our country was struggling for the liberties which we 
enjoy to-day. 



I 



APPENDIX 

STATISTICS 



THE STATE OF NEW YORK 



Population, 1910 
Area, Land 

Water 



9,113,614 . 

. 47,654 sq. mi. 
1,550 sq. mi. 



No. of people to 1 sq. mi., 1915 

Population, Males 

Females 

Native 
Foreign 

White 
Colored 



(1915) 9,687,744 

. 49,204 sq. mi. 
. 197 

(1910) 4,584,597 
(1910) 4,529,017 

(Estimated, 1910) 6,337,573 
(Estimated, 1910) 2,776,041 

(1910) 8,966,845 
(1910) 146,769 



No. of farms in 1910 . 
Acreage of farms in 1910 
Value of farm property in 1910 
Value of farm products in 1910 
Capital invested in manufacturing, 1909 
Value of manufactured products, 1909 
No. of manufacturing establishments in 1909 
Aver. no. employed in manufacturing, 1909 

125 



215,597 

22,034,013 

$1,451,481,000 

$209,168,236 

$2,779,497,000 

$3,369,490,000 

44,935 

1,203,241 



NEW YORK 1 



126 



APPENDIX 



COUNTIES 



COUXTY 


POPULA- 


Land 
Akea 


Chief Agricultural PRODUfTs 




TIOX, 1015 


Sq. Mi. 




Albany 


183.330 


528 


Buckwheat, rye, apples, strawberries, honey. 


Allegany 


40,216 


1.018 


Live stock, dairy products, wool, buckwheat, 
oats, potatoes, maple sugar. 


Bronx 


615.600 


41 




Broome 


90,641 


696 


Live stock, dairy products. 


Cattaraugus 


72,756 


1,330 


Live stock, honey, maple sugar, apples, dairy 
products, poultry and eggs. 


Cayuga 


65,751 


722 


Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
honey, wool, tobacco, buckwheat, wheat, oats. 


Chautauqua 


116,818 


1,062 


corn. 
Live stock, poultry and eggs, corn, oats, dairy 
and forest products, maple sugar, apples, 
grapes, buckwheat, strawberries. 


Chemung 


59,017 


391 


Buckwheat, tobacco. 


Chenango 


36,648 


847 


Live stock, dairy and forest products, poultry 
and eggs, maple sugar, hops. 


Clinton 


47.561 


1,041 


Live stock, potatoes. 


Columbia 


44.111 


647 


Live stock, rye, apples, grapes, strawberries. 


Cortland 


30,074 


486 


Live stock, dairy jiroducts. 


Delaware 


45,995 


1.531 


Live stock, dairy and forest products, poultry 
and eggs, honey, maple sugar. 


Dutchess 


91,044 


800 


Live stock, poultry and eggs, corn, rye, fruits, 
dairy products, apples, peaches, strawberries. 


Erie 


571,897 


1,040 


Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
apples, honey, oats, corn, wheat, grapes, and 
strawberries. 


Essex 


32,461 


1,834 


Wool. 


Franklin 


46,181 


1,717 


Live stock, potatoes, hops, maple sugar. 


Fulton 


45,625 


486 




(ienesee 


40,707 


484 


Live stock, wool, beans, apples, potatoes. 


Greene 


30,091 


644 


Kye. apples, wheat. 


Hamilton 


4.491 


1,747 




Herkimer 


64,109 


1,426 


Live stock, strawberries, dairy products. 


Jefferson 


81,009 


1,252 


Live stock, dairy products, honey, maple sugar, 
forest products, oats. 


Kings 


1,798,513 


77 




Lewis 


25,947 


1.265 


Live stock, maple sugar, dairy products, hops. 


Livingston 


38,427 


635 


Live stock, wool, beans, potatoes, honey, rye, 
oats, wheat. 



APPENDIX 
COUNTIES — Continued 



12; 







Land 




County 


Popula- 


Area 


Chief Agricultural Products 




tion, 1915 


Sq. Mi. 




Madison 


41,742 


649 


Live stock, dairy products, hops, blackberries. 


Monroe 


319,310 


643 


Live stock, poultry and eggs, honey, potatoes, 
beans, strawberries, wool, rye, oats, corn, 
wheat, apples, peaches, grapes. 


Montgomery 


01,030 


399 


Dairy products, hoj)s, buckwheat. 


Nassau 


116,825 


252 


Corn, potatoes. 


New York 


2,137,747 


20 




Niagara 


108,550 


522 


Live stock, jioultry and eggs, wool, beans, oats, 
corn, wheat, a]>ples, peaches, grapes. 


Oneida 


167,331 


1,180 


Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
hops, potatoes. 


Onondaga 


213,992 


794 


Live stock, dairy products, poultiy and eggs, 
honey, potatoes, tobacco, alfalfa, rye, oats, 
corn. 

Live stock, wool, potatoes, beans, hops, nursery 


Ontario 


54,628 


652 








products, strawberries, oats, corn, wheat. 








apples, peaches, grapes. 


Orange 


118,118 


849 


Live stock, poultry and eggs, dairy products, 
peaches, grapes. 


Orleans 


33,919 


396 


Live stock, wool, beans, wheat, apples, peaches. 


Oswego 


75,929 


974 


Live stock, dairy products, jioultry and eggs, 
tobacco, strawberries, nuts. 


Otsego 


48,534 


978 


Live stock, dairy products, poultry and egg.s, 
oats, hops, buckwheat. 


Putnam 


12,767 


239 




Queens 


396,727 


129 


Onions. 


Rensselaer 


121,330 


664 


Wool, rye, potatoes, strawberries. 


Kichmond 


98,634 


57 




Rockland 


46,903 


180 




St. Lawrence 


90,291 


2,810 


Live stock, dairy and forest products, poultry 
and eggs, oats, maple sugar, i>otatoes, honey. 


Saratoga 


62.982 


830 


Rye. 


Schenectady 


98,625 


210 


Rye. 


Schoharie 


23,005 


648 


Dairy products, buckwheat, lioney, hops. 


Schuyler 


13,954 


339 


Wool, buckwheat, grapes, peaches. 


Seneca 


25,249 


328 


Wheat, peaches, grapes, beans. 


Steuben 


83,630 


1,401 


Live stock, dairy products, poultry and eggs, 
wool, potatoes, grapes, rye, buckwheat, oats. 


Suffolk 


104,342 


918 


Poultry and eggs, corn, potatoes, peaches. 


Sullivan 


38,189 


967 


Live stock, poultry and eggs. 


Tioga 


25,549 


518 


Buckwheat. 



128 



APPENDIX 

COUNTIES— Continued 



County 


Popula- 
tion, 1915 


Land 

Area 
Sq. Mi. 


Chief Agricultural Products 


Tompkins 

Ulster 

Warren 
Washington 

Wayne 

Westchester 
Wyoming 

Yates 


36,535 
85,367 

32,977 
46,955 

53,476 

321,713 
33,028 

18,841 


477 
1,128 

895 
797 

624 

450 
603 

348 


Live stock, eggs, buckwheat, peaches. 
Poultry and eggs, strawberries, nuts, rye, apples, 
peaches, grapes. 

Live stock, dairy products, wool, corn, rye, 

potatoes. 
Live stock, poultry and eggs, beans, oats, corn, 

apples, peaches, grapes. 
Apples. 
Live stock, dairy products, wool, wheat, potatoes, 

maple sugar, beans, apples, oats. 
Wool, beans, wheat, peaches, grapes. 



APPENDIX 



12!) 



CITIES 



No. 


City 


County 


Popula- 
tion, 1915 


Chief Manufactures 


1 


New York 


New York, 
Kings, Bronx, 
(Jueens, 
Richmond 


5,047,221 


Clothing, printing and publishing, 
machine-shop products, beer, 
refined sugar. 


2 


Buffalo 


Erie 


454,680 


Slaughtering and meat packing, 
machinery, flour, automobiles, 
soap. 


3 


Rochester 


Monroe 


248,465 


Clothing, photographic apparatus, 
boots and shoes, machinery, 
printing and publishing. 


4 


Syracuse 


Onondaga 


145,293 


Automobiles, machinery, type- 
writers and typewriters' sup- 
plies, clothing. 


5 


Albany 


Albany 


107,979 


Beer, printing and publishing, 
machinery. 


6 


Yonkers 


Westchester 


90,948 


Sugar refining, carpets and rugs, 
machinery, patent medicines, 
marble and stone works. 


7 


Utica 


Oneida 


80,589 


Hosiery and knit goods, machin- 
ery, men's clothing. 


8 


Schenectady 


Schenectady 


80,381 


Electrical machinery, locomotives. 


9 


Troy 


Rensselaer 


75,488 


Men's furnishing goods, clothing, 
shirts, collars and cuffs, beer, 
machinery. 


10 


Binghamton 


Broome 


53,668 


Tobacco manufactures. 


11 


Niagara Falls 


Niagara 


42,257 


Chemicals, food preparations. 


12 


Elmira 


Chemung 


40,093 


Foundry and machine-shop prod- 
ucts, lumber products. 


1:3 


Jamestown 


Chautauqua 


37,780 


Worsted goods, furniture and re- 
frigerators. 


14 


Mount Vernon 


Westchester 


37,583 


Brass and bronze products. 


15 


Amsterdam 


Montgomery 


34,319 


Carpets and rugs, hosiery and 
knit goods. 


16 


Poughkeepsie 


Dutchess 


32,714 


Dairymen's and poulterers' sup- 
plies. 


17 


Auburn 


Cayuga 


32,468 


Agricultural implements, cordage 








and twine. 


18 


New Rochelle 


Westchester 


31,758 


Printing and publishing. 


19 


Newbnrgh 


Orange 


27,876 


Men's clothing, including shirts. 


20 


Watertown 


Jefferson 


26,895 


Foundry and machine-shop prod- 
ucts. 


21 


Kingston 


Ulster 


26,354 


Tobacco manufactures. 



130 



APPENDIX 



CITIES — Continued 



No. 


City 


County 


Popula- 
tion, 1915 


Chief Manufactures 


22 


Oswego 


Oswego 


25,426 


Matches, starch. 


23 


Cohoes 


Albany 


23,433 


Hosiery and knit goods. 


24 


Rome 


Oneida 


21,926 


Brass and bronze products. 


25 


Gloversville 


Fulton 


21,178 


Leather gloves and mittens. 


26 


White Plains 


Westchester 


19,287 


Planing mills, bakery products. 


27 


Lockport 


Niagara 


18,693 


Flour-mill and gristmill products. 


28 


Olean 


Cattaraugus 


17,925 


Petroleum refining. 


29 


Dunkirk 


Chautauqua 


17,870 


Locomotives. 


30 


Ithaca 


Tompkins 


16,750 


Printing and publishing. 


31 


Middletown 


Orange 


16,381 


Cars, condensed milk, leather. 


32 


Glens Falls 


Warren 


• 16,323 


Men's clothing, shirts. 


33 


Lackawanna 


Erie 


15,737 


Iron and steel. 


34 


Watervliet 


Albany 


14,990 


Iron goods, collars and cuffs. 


35 


Hornell 


Steuben 


14,352 


Cais, general repair shops for rail- 
road companies. 


36 


Ogdensburg 


St. Lawrence 


14,338 


Luml)er manufactures, flour-mill 
products. 


37 


Saratoga Springs 


Saratoga 


13,792 


Druggists' preparations. 


38 


North Tonawanda 


Niagara 


13,498 


Lumber products, iron and steel 
blast furnaces. 


39 


Corning 


Steuben 


13,459 


Glass. 


40 


Batavia 


Genesee 


13,278 


Agricultural implements. 


41 


(xeneva 


Ontario 


13,232 


Beer (malt). 


42 


Little Falls 


Herkimer 


. 13,022 


Hosiery and knit goods. 


43 


Cortland 


Cortland 


12,367 


Iron and steel, steel works and 
rolling mills. 


44 


Hudson 


Columbia 


11,544 


Hosiery and knit goods. 


45 


Rensselaer 


Rensselaer 


11,210 


Felt goods. 


46 


Fulton 


Oswego 


11,138 


^Vol•sted goods. 


47 


Johnstown 


Fulton 


10,687 


Leather gloves and mittens. 


48 


Oneonta 


Otsego 


10,474 


Machinery, knit goods. 


49 


Beacon 


Dutchess 


10,165 


Bricks, rubber goods, hats, boilers. 


50 


Plattsburg 


Clinton 


10,134 


Automobiles. 


51 


Oneida 


Madison 


9,461 


Engines, wagons, hosiery. 


52 


Port Jervis 


Orange 


9,413 


Iron ]>roducts, silk, gloves. 


53 


Tonawanda 


Ihie 


9,147 


Iron products, paper. 


54 


Salamanca 


Cattaraugus 


8.:570 


Tanning manufactures, furniture. 


55 


Norwich 


Chenango 


8.342 


Hammers, carriages, furniture. 


56 


Mechanicville 


Saratoga 


8.20S 


Paper, sashes and blinds, knit 
goods. 


57 


Canandaigua 


Ontario 


7,501 


Canned goods, tanned products, 
agricultural implements. 



ArrENJ>ix 



181 



LARGER VILLAGES 

HAVING A POPULATION OF OVER 5,000 IN 1916 







Popu- 






Popu- 


ViLLAGK 


County 


lation 
1915 


Village 


County 


lation 
1915 


Albion 


Orleans 


5,988 


Malone 


Franklin 


7,404 


Catskill 


Greene 


5,371 


Mamaroneck 


Westchester 


7,290 


Eiidicott 


Broome 


5,581 


Medina 


Orleans 


6,079 


Fredouia 


Chautauqua 


5,328 


Newark 


Wayne 


6,468 


Freeport 


Nassau 


7,465 


Ossining 


Westchester 


10,326 


Hastings -on-Hud- 


Westchester 


5,461 


Peekskill 


Westchester 


15,502 


son 






Ferry 


Wyoming 


5,009 


Haverstraw 


Rockland 


5,418 


Port Chester 


Westchester 


15,129 


Hempstead 


Nassau 


6,073 


Rockville Center 


Nassau 


5,223 


Herkimer 


Herkimer 


9,577 


Rye 


Westchester 


5,339 


Hoosick Falls 


Rensselaer 


5,406 


Seneca Falls 


Seneca 


7,018 


Hudson Falls 


Washington 


5,585 


Solvay 


Onondaga 


5,886 


I lion 


Herkimer 


8,900 


Tarrytown 


Westchester 


5,752 


Lancaster 


Erie 


5,094 


Walden 


Orange 


5,196 


Lestershire 


Broome 


5,400 


Waverly 


Tioga 


5,119 



INDEX 



Adirondacks (ad-i-ron'daks), 14, 15, 17, 18, 

24-26, :J0-o2." 
Albany (al'ba-ui), 19, 48, 50, 52-54, 57, 64, 

66, 68, 109, 1 10. 
Alexaudria Bay (al'egs-an'dri-a), 21. 
Allegany County (al'e-ga'ni), 39. 
Allegheny Plateau, 16, 17, 20, 30, 36. 
Allegheny River, 20, 50. 
Amsterdam (am'ster-dam'), 53. 
Anthony'.s Nose, 14. 
Appalachian Highland (ap'pa-la'chi-an), 12, 

13, 43. 
Assembly, 64. 
Atlantic Avenue, 76. 

Ocean, 12, 16, 69. 

Slope, 42. 
Auburn (a'burn), 53. 
Ausable Chasm (o-sa'bl), 24. 

River, 23. 
Avon (a'von), 40. 

Barbadoes (bar-ba'doz), 110. 
Battery, 75, 100 ; Park, 89. 
Beacon, city of, 58. 
Beacon Mountain (be'kon), 14. 
Bedloes Island, 69, 107, "l08. 
Bellomont, Lord (bel'a-mont), 120. 
Binghamton (bing'am-ton), 52, 54, 58, 60. 
Black River, 17. 
Black River Canal, 48. 
Blackwells Island, 69, 107. 
Block, Adrian (blok), 109. 
Blue Point, 39. 
Blue Ridge Mountains, 13. 
Boston, 42, 57. 
Bowery, 11.5, 116. 
Theater, 116, 



Bowling Green, (bo'ling), 84, 114. 

Bradford, William, 12 L 

Bridge Street, 115, 118. 

Broad Street, 100, 115, 123. 

Broadway, 76, 92, 93, 95, 101, 103, 114, 118, 

122. 
Bronx (bronks). Borough of The, 69, 75, 

78-80, 83, 92. 
Park, 83, 89. 
River, 84. 
Brooklyn (-lln), 51, 69, 75, 77-80, 82, 91, 

94, 97, 101, 102, 104, 105, 110. 
Buffalo, 39, 40, 48, 50, 52, 54, 57, 58. 
Bullhead Tavern, 116. 

Cabots, the (kab'gts), 112. 
California (kal'i-for'ni-a), 37. 
Canada (kan'a-da), 55. 
Canal Street, 80,^81, 116. 
Canisteo River (kan'is-te'6), 50. 
Catskills (kats'kils), 15, 16, 24. 60. 
Cattaraugus County (kat'ta-ra'giis), 39. 
Cayuga Canal, 48. 

Lake, 26, 67. 
Cedar Street, 99. 
Central Lakes, 16, 17. 30. 

Park, 79, 82, 83, 88. 
Champlain Canal (sham-plan'), 48, 67. 

Lake, 9, 13, 14, 17, 25, 26, 39, 57. 

Valley, 12. 
Chautauqua Lake (sha-ta'kwa), 24, 50. 
Chemung River (.she-numg'), 20, 51. 
Chenango River (she-nan 'go), 20, 60. 
Chicago (.she-ka'gd), .50. 
Christiansen, Ilojidrick (krM'y.an-sgn), 109. 
City Cate, 113. 
City Hall Park, 93. 



1.32 



INDEX 



133 



Clinton, Governor (klin'ton), 45. 
Cohoes (ku-lioz'), 19, 52, 5J). 

Falls, 24. 
College of the City of New York, 67. 
Columbia University (ko-lum'bi-a), 66. 
Columbus Avenue (ko-lum'bus). 87. 
Coney Island (ko'ni), 75, 80. 
Connecticut (kon-net'I-kut), U, 110. 
Cornell University, 67. 
Corning (kor'ning), 54. 
Ct)rnwall, 51. 
County Courts, 66. 
Court Street (kort), 04. 
Cregier, Martin (kre-ger'), 118. 
Croton Aqueduct (kro'ton), 78. 

Kiver, 78, 79. 
Crown Street, 120. 
Curasao (koo'ra-so'), 118. 

l)e Heere Straat (de har'e strat), 114. 
Delancey Street (de-lan'.se). 78. 
Delaware County (del'a-war), 51. 

Mountains, 13, 16. 

River, 9, 16, 20, 51. 

River System, 17, 20, 24. 
Devil's Oven, 2.3. 
Dunderberg Mountain, 14, 19. 
Dunkirk (diin'kerk), 50, 55. 

East Albany, 57. 

Eastern Parkway, 80. 

East River, 22, 69, 76, 77, 91, 101, 106, 107, 

110, 113. 
Ellis Island (el'Is), 69, 107. 
Palmira (el-rai'ra), -54, 58. 
England (In'gland), 121. 
Erie Canal (e'rl), 45, 48, 55-57, 59. 

County, 34, 39. 

Lake, 9, 16, 20, 24, 25, 34, 50, 55, 57, 
59. 

Finger Lakes, 26, 55. 
Flatbush, 110. 

Avenue, 76, 07. 
Flatlands, 110. 
Forest products, .36. 



Fort Hamilton (bam'il-ton), 106. 

Schuyler (ski'ler), 107". 

Tompkins (tomp'kinz), 106. 

Wadsworth (Wodz'wurth), 106. 
France, 110. 

Fraunces, Sam (fron's^z), 123. 
Fraunces' Tavern, 123. 
Fulton, 29, .59. 

Street, 77, 97. 

Uazette, The Weekly, 121. 
Genesee County (jen'e-se'), 40. 

River, 17, 23, 29, 30'^, 50, 59. 

Valley, 50, 56. 
George, Lake, 25, 26, 57. 
Glens Falls. 59. 
Gloversville (gluv'erz-vil), 53. 
Goat Island, 23. 
Governor, 65. 
Governors Island, 69, 107. 
Grand Island, 21. 
Great Alluvial Plain, 30. 
Great Lakes, 12, 22, 54, 55, 58. 
Great South Bay, 39. 
Green Mountains, 13, 25. 

Haines Falls, 24. 
Hamilton, Alexander, 122. 
Harlem (har'lem), 117. 

River, 22, 69, 75, 76, 78. 

Driveway, 80. 
Hasbrouck House (haz'bnxik). 58. 
Haverstraw (hav'er-stra), 18. 
High Bridge, 78, 79. 
Highlands of the Hudson, 14, 19, 39, 

109. 
High Street, 115. 
Holland, 110, 112, 119. 
Hornell (horn 'el), 64. 
Hudson, city of, 54. 

Henry, 109. 

Highlands of the, 14, 19, 3t), 109. 

River. 12-15, 18-20, 22, 30, 33, 38-40, 42- 
44, 50, 57, .59, 60, 78, 81, 105, 106. 

River System, 17. 18, 21, 24, 51. 
Hunter Mountain, 15. 



134 



INDEX 



Illinois Cn-ll-noiz'), 33. 
Iowa (i'6-wa), 33, 37. 
Ithaca (ith'a-ka), 54, 67. 

Jamaica (ja-ma'ka), 75 

Bay, 106? 
Jamestown, 50. 
Jerome Park (je-rom'), 79. 
Johnstown, 53. 
Joralemon Street (je-rol'e-mun), 94. 

Kaaterskill Falls (kaw'ter-skil), 16, 24. 
Kansas (kan'zas), 37. 

City, 76. 
Kidd, William, 120. 
Kieft, Governor (keft), 111. 
Kingsbridge, 76. 
King's College, 67. 

County, 69. 
Kingston (kingz'ton), 54, 59, 60. 

Lafayette Place (la^fa-ef), 87. 
Lake Ridge, 13. 

Leisler, Captain Jacob (lis'ler), 120. 
Lexington Avenue, (lek'sing-ton), 103. 
Liberty Island, 108. 

Street, 120. 
Library, State, 68. 
Little Falls, 53, 59. 
Livingston County (ITv'Ing-ston), 40. 
Lockport, 52. 
Long Island, 9, 22, 33, 38, 39, 77, 79, 109, 

110, 118, 122. 
Long Island City, 39. 

Sound, 9, 106. 
Lorillard Mansion, 83. 
Lower Bay, 105, 106. 

Madison Avenue (m3,d'i-son), 103. 

Square, 84. 
Maiden Lane, 95. 

Manhattan, Borough of (man-hat 'an), 69, 
75-80, 82, 84, 86, 92-95, 97, 98, 103- 
106, 117. 
Indians, 111. 
Island, 22, 69, 10.'!, 109, 123. 



Maryland Monument, 82, 

Massachusetts (mas'a-chQ'sets), 9, 13, 118. 

Mexico, Gulf of (meks'i-ko), 17, 20. 

Midwout (mid'wowt), 110. 

Military Academy, U.S., 68. 

Minuit, Peter (min'u-it), 110, 111. 

Mississippi River (mis'is-sip'pi), 20. 

System, 17, 20, 24, 50. 
Mohawk River (mo'hak), 19, 20, 24, 30, 
44, 57. 

Valley, 13, 15, 43, 44, 55, 56, 59. 
Montcalm, General (mont-kam'), 55. 
Montreal (mfirnt're-al'), 57. 
Morningside Heights, 67. 
Mountain Ridge, 13. 
Mount Clinton, 15. 

Dix, 15. 

Marcy, 14. 

Mclntyre (mac'in-tir'), 14. 

Vernon, 54. 
Mulberry Bend Park, 105. 

Street, 94. 
Museum, State, 68. 

Narrows, the, 105, 106, 108. 

Nassau County (nas'a), 69. 

Neversink River, 20. 

New Amersfoort (am'erz-foort), 110. 

New Amsterdam, 95, 108, 112, 113, 114, 

117-119. 
Newburgh, 19, 54, 58. 
New England, 9, 27, 28. 
New Jersey, 9, 12, 18, 78, 110. 
New Netherlands (neth'er-landz), 110, 112. 
New Utrecht (u'trekt), 110.' 
New York Bay, 12, 18, 22, 69. 

City, 18, 42-44, 50-52, 54, 57, 67, 69- 
124. 

County, 27. 

Harbor, 105. 

University, 67. 

Weekly Journal, 121. 
Niagara Falls (ni-ag'a-ra), 22, 29, 62, 59. 

River, 9, 17, 21, 23, 33. 
Nichols, Colonel, 112. 
Normal College, State, 68. 



INDEX 



135 



North Brother Island, 107. 

Tonawanda (ton'a-wan'da), 63. 
Nyack (ni'ak), 118," 

Ocean Parkway, 80. 

Ohio (o-hi'o), 88. 

Glean (o'l^-Sn'), 39, 60. 

Oneida (6-ni'da), 61. /" 

Lake, 26. 

Lake Canal, 48. 

River, 17. 
Onondaga County (on'on-da'ga), 39, 40. 
Ontario (6n-ta'ri-o), 9. 

Lake, 9, 16, 17, 21-23, 25, 26, 33, 50, 55, 57. 
Orange County, 51. 
Oswego (6s-we'go), 29, 63-65. 

Canal, 48, 56. 

River, 17, 26. 
Otis Summit, 15. 
Otsego Lake (6t-se'g6), 20, 24. 
Oyster Island, 69. 

Palisades (pal-T-sadz'), 18, 109. 

Parade Ground, 82. 

Park Row, 92, 96. 

Pearl Street, 123. 

Peck Slip, 115. 

Peekskill, 19. 

Pelham Bay Park (pgl'am), 83, 84. 

Pennsylvania (pen'sil-va'ni-a), 9, 17, 20, 36, 

51, 55, 58, 101. 
Philadelphia (fil'a-del'fi-a), 42. 
Portage Falls (port'aj), 23. 
Port Jervis, 9, 51. 
Potsdam, 39. 

Poughkeepsie (po-kTp's!), 54, 57, 68. 
Prospect Park, 80, 82, 83, 110. 
Putnam County (piit'nam), 78. 

Quebec (kwe-b6k'), 9. 
Queens, Borough of, 69. 

Randalls Island, 69, 107. 
Raritan Bay (r^r'it-an), 106. 
Rensselaer (r6n'se ler), 67. 
Rhode Island (rod),'27. 



Richfield, 40. 

Richmond, Borough of, 69. 

Ridge wood, 75, 79. 

Riverside Drive, 80. 

Rochester (roch'es-ter), 29, 38, 52, 53, 59. 

Falls, 23. 
Rome, 19, 53, 66. 

Saint Lawrence County (la'rens), 27, 33. 

Gulf of, 17. 

River, 9, 13, 17, 21, 20. 

River System, 17, 20, 21, 24, 25, 60. 

Valley, 12, 33, 43. 
Saint Paul's Church, 122, 123. 
Sandy Hook, 106. 
Sandy Hook Bay, 106. 
Saratoga Lake (s3,r-a-t6'ga), 41. 

Springs, 40. 
Schenectady (ske-nek'ta-dT), 48, 53, 56. 
Schoharie County (sko-h5r'i), 67. 
Senate, 64. 
Seneca Canal (s6n'e-ka), 48. 

Lake, 26. 

River, 17. 
Sharon (shS,r'on), 40. 
Shawangunk Mountains (sh5n'gQm), IS, 

16, 51. 
Sheriff, 66. 
Slide Mountain, 16. 
Slough ter. Governor (slaw'ter), 120. 
South Brother Island, 107. 
Southern Boulevard (boo'l^-vard'), 80. 
Staten Island (stit'en), 22, 69, 106. 
Steenwyck Cornells (sten'wik), 118. 
Steuben County (sta'ben), 33. 
Stony Point, 19. 
Storm King, 14. 

Stuyvesant, Peter (sti'vg-sant). 111, 112, 
116. 

Square, 84. 
Sullivan County, 61. 
Supervisors, Board of, 66. 
Susquehanna River (siis'kwe-han'g), 16, 20* 
30, 51, 60. 

System, 17, 20, 24, 60. 
Syracuse (sir'a-kus'), 62, 63, 56, 60. 



136 



INDEX 



Taconic IIi<,'liland8 (ta-kSnlk), 13. 

Kaiigc, 14. 
Tappan Zee (tap'an ze), 18. 
Taughannock Falls (ta-gS.n'ok), 27. 
Texas, 27, 38. 

Thalia Theater (thal'e-a), 116. 
Thousand Islands, 21. 
Throgs Neck, 107. 
Ticonderoga Creek (ti-k6n'dgr-5'ga), 26. 

Fort, 26. 
Tompkins Square, 84. 
Tonawanda (ton'a-won'da), 58. 
Trenton Falls, 24? 
Trinity Church, 122, 123. 
Tri-State Kock, 9. 
Troy, 52, 53, 57. 

Ulster County, 39. 
Union Square, 84. 
University Heights, 67. 
Upper Bay, 105-107. 

Van Cortlandt Pafk, 83, 
Van 'I'willer, Governor, 111. 
Varian, Richard (var'i-g.n), 118. 
Vassar College, 68, 
Vermont, 9, 13, 37. 
Virginia (ver-jinl-a), 118. 

Wallabout (wol'a-bowt), 110. 
Bay, 91, 98. 



Wallabout Market, 98. 
Walloons (w61-lo6nz'), llOl 
Wall Street, 100, 115, 122. 
Wards Island, 69, 107. 
Washington Bridge, 78u 

County, 39. 

Market, 98. 

Square, 91. 

Street, 93. 
Washington, George, 77, 122, 188. 
Water Gate, 113. 

Street, 115. 
Watervliet (wa'ter-vlef), 67. 
Watkins Falls, 26. 

Glen, 26. 
Weehav?ken, 18, 51. 
Wellsville, 60. 
West Canada Creek, 24. 
Westchester County, 78. 
West Farms. 76, 
West Point, 08. 
Whirlpool Rapids, 23. 
Whitehall Street, 76. 
Willetts Point, 107, 
Williamsburg Bridge, 75, 77, 78. 
Wyoming County (wl-o'ming), 40. 

Yonkers (ySgk'frz), 62, 64. 

Zenger. Peter, 121. 



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LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 



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